Eriksons Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development Psychology Essay

Eriksons Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development Psychology Essay It is obvious that human undergo lots of changes such as biological, cognitive, psychological and in behaviour since the time of conception till they attain their complete adult age. These changes are said to be under any of the influences like nature, nurture, environment, and social. We also know that based on these aspects, numbers of psychologist such as B. F Skinner, Sigmund Freud, Albert Bandura, Jean Pieget Carl Rogers and Erik Erikson have proposed many theories pertaining to human development. One of the main among them was, Erik Erikson, possibly the best known of Sigmund Freuds many followers, who have proposed psychosocial theory. In his theory, he strongly believed that psychosocial principle is genetically inevitable in shaping human development.   His theory indirectly reveals that our personality traits come in opposites; we think of ourselves as optimistic or pessimistic, independent or dependent, emotional or unemotional, adventurous or cautious, leader or follower, aggressive or passive. Many of these are inborn temperament traits, but other characteristics, such as feeling either competent or inferior, appear to be learned, based on the challenges (mind: psychological, and physical), and support due to social ( relationships) we receive in growing up. Moreover, it says It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes  a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of emotional immaturity in him, (Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994)). Similarly a child goes through many changes and confronts with many developmental challenges that they have to overcome those challenges on the road from infancy to adulthood. There is a never ending struggle to make sense out of this complex process. And there is no end to theories trying to explain it. Thus, this essay looks at Eriksons psychological theories of development that comprises of five stages of development, and its implications and benefits of understanding the theory in following paragraphs. This essay also talks about the crises that must be resolved in every stage that we attain in the process of development. Eriksons eight stages of psychosocial development Erik Erikson believed that childhood is very important in personality development. He developed a theory of psychosocial development that covers an entire life. Get through his initial five stages and we will be an adult. Each stage is a challenge or crisis that must be resolved before going to another stage. His theory of psychosocial development is considered as one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freuds theory of psychosexual stages, Eriksons theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. In addition to ego identity, Erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviours and actions. Each stage in Eriksons theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. Various terms are used to describe Eriksons model, for example Eriksons bio psychosocial or bio-psycho-social theory (bio refers to biological, which in this context means life); Eriksons human development cycle or life cycle, and variations of these. All refer to the same eight stages psychosocial theory, it being Eriksons most distinct work and remarkable model. All of the stages in Eriksons epigenetic theory are implicitly present at birth but unfold according to both an innate scheme and ones up-bringing in a family that expresses the values of a culture. Each stage builds on the preceding stages, and paves the way for subsequent stages. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis, which is based on physiological development, but also on demands put on the individual by parents and/or society. Ideally, the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage, in order for development to proceed correctly. The outcome of one stage is not permanent, but can be altered by later experiences. Everyone has a mixture of the traits attained at each stage, but personality development is considered successful if the individual has more of the good traits than the bad traits. Those eight stages of development are as follow: Trust vs. Mistrust Eriksons first psychosocial conflict is trust versus mistrust. This stage begins at birth and continues until about one year of age. The central issue that infants resolve in this stage is Can I trust others? Erikson, in his theory explains that infants learn to trust other people if their needs are satisfied by their caregivers. If a caregiver is irresponsible to the infants needs and they go un-met, then instead of developing trustworthiness, the infant will develop mistrust n his or her mind. In this stage, infants will also start realizing that they are state of dependent o independent to caregivers who respond to their need. That is how they begin to distinguish self from others. For example, many researchers have found that two to three month old infants do begin to distinguish themselves from their caretakers However, by resolving this crisis at this the infant will develop a healthy balance between trust and mistrust that is if only they are fed and cared for and not over-indulged or over-protected. For instance, being cruelty to them will destroy trust and lead to development of mistrust which results in incensement of a persons resistance to risk-exposure and exploration. On the other hand infants who grow up to trust are more able to hope and have faith that every things will be fine and develop a sense of challenge in his or her mind. Therefore, it is important to development to have a successful resolution of this stage because it lays the foundation for each additional stage. If a stage is not resolved correctly, later stages may remain unresolved as well. Parents are primarily responsible for satisfying this stage of development in their child. It is imperative parents are attentive to their infants needs so trust can be developed. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt The second stage is anatomy verses shame and doubt. This occurs from about eighteen months of age to around three years old. In this stage most critical issue they confront is that their intermediate state, not sure about whether they can do things on their own or do they need someone to assist them. Erikson says that this is the point at which the child can develop a certain amount of independence/autonomy, or otherwise end up in doubt and shame or always as dependent. Autonomy (self-reliance) is independence of thought, and a basic confidence to think and act ones own. Shame and Doubt refers to reduction in self-expression and developing ones own ideas, opinions and sense of self.   It is at this stage that the child needs support from parents so that repeated failures and ridicule are not the only experiences encountered.   So, the parents need to encourage the child to becoming more independent whilst at the same time protecting the child so that constant failure is avoided. They must try not to do everything for the child but if the child fails at a particular task they must not criticize the child for failures and accidents.   For example, toilet training is a said to be significant part of this crisis where parental reactions, encouragement and patience play an impor tant role in shaping the young childs experience and successful progression through this period. When children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world.   If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities. If one was to achieve autonomy then they would have a feeling of confidence, but if those that dont achieve autonomy doubt their own abilities and have a sense of inadequacy. Therefore, the importance of parental reaction should have concerns in all aspects of toddler exploration and discovery while small children struggle to find their feet almost literally as little people in their own right. Imitative vs. Guilt Imitative vs. Guilt is the third stage of psychosocial development. It is around three to six years of age when this role must be established. The main role is to establish purpose and its achieve through exploration and play (Cherry, 2011). That means, children begin to affirm their power over the world through interactions between people and play and by asserting over their environment through different challenges. Initiative is the capability to devise actions or projects, and a confidence and belief that it is okay to do so, even with a risk of failure or making mistakes. That is how their idea of initiative develops positively. On the other hand if the child is not given chance to play and explore or stoped taking any kind of initiative, they understand their actions as a point if embarrassment and results in developing guild in them. Thus, guilt refers the feeling that it is wrong or inappropriate to instigate something of ones own design. Guilt results from being admonished or believing that something is wrong or likely to attract disapproval. Suppressing adventure and experimentation, or preventing young children doing things for themselves because of time, mess or a bit of risk will inhibit the development of confidence to initiate, replacing it instead with an unhelpful fear of being wrong or unapproved. The fear of being admonished or accused of being stupid becomes a part of the personality. If I dont initiate or stick my neck out Ill be safe... Therefore, it is duty of parents and caregivers to solve this crises, and challenge to get the balance right between giving young children enough space and encouragement so as to foster a sense of purpose and confidence, but to protect against danger. Industry vs. Inferiority In the Eriksons theory of psychosocial development, industry verses inferiority is the fourth stage. This takes place around the age of six to eleven years old. In this stage a person will be asking them self How can I be good?(Cherry, 2011). In this stage they try to master with their new and complex skills in accomplishing their task because they do increasingly complicated tasks. Erikson described this stage as a sort of entrance to life, and is a crucial aspect of school years experience. A child who experiences the satisfaction of achievement of anything positive will move towards successful negotiation of this crisis stage. However if a child who experiences failure at school tasks and work, or worse still who is denied the opportunity to discover and develop their own capabilities and strengths and unique potential, quite naturally is prone to feeling inferior and useless and develop very low self-stem in them. To solve this crisis, parents, teachers or caregiver should let them engage with others through social interaction and using tools or technology. Therefore, their supports in approving of what children are doing results in Childs believe in themselves. If reinforcement to the positive aspects lacks then they will believe that they are inferior to everyone and they dont matter. Identity vs. Identity confusion Identity vs. Identity confusion is the fifth stage where one is supposed to achieve their identity from the ages of twelve to eighteen. Before this stage, a person was exploring and discovering their independence and sense of self. But in this stage they develop a sense of self and personal identity. Erikson believe that here the child has to learn the roles he will occupy as an adult. It is during this stage that the adolescent will re-examine his identity and try to find out exactly who he is.   During this stage the body image of the adolescent changes and success in this stage will lead to the virtue of  fidelity. Their exploring of possibilities and beginning to form own identity develops a sense of direction in life. If all goes well, then a person will have a strong sense of self and independent and in control of the situation. However, if there is a lack of reinforcement, then the person will be insecure and will be confused about them in the future. The sense of who they are gets hindered, then it will result in a sense of confusion about them and their role in the world and that is how they cant adapt and establish in the society. Therefore, in order to solve this problem positive reinforcement from parents, teachers, school, society and friends is vital. Intimacy vs. Isolation From the age of nineteen to forty one will in the stage of intimacy vs. isolation. Intimacy means the process of achieving relationships with family and marital or mating partner. He explained this stage also in terms of sexual mutuality the giving and receiving of physical and emotional connection, support, love, comfort, trust, and all the other elements that we would typically associate with healthy adult relationships conducive to mating and child-rearing. We explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments with someone other than a family member.   Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship.   Isolation conversely means being and feeling excluded from the usual life experiences of dating and mating and mutually loving relationships. This logically is characterised by feelings of loneliness, alienation, social withdrawal or non-participation. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Thus to be successful in this stage, it is highly important that we achieve our identity. Developing close, intimate friendships are important to person so that we will have strong relationship. If not, its failure will lead to isolation and the lack of relationship. Generatively vs. Stagnation Generatively vs. Stagnation is the seventh stage in Eriksons psychosocial development. It occurs from forty years old to sixty-five years old. And this stage struck with the question how to contribute to the world? Here, adult strive to nurture things that they want their children to do the things that will help the world or something that they will be remembered by. For example, during middle adulthood, we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture.   We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations.   On the other side, if person fail in finding a way to contribute to the society or by failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and feel unproductive. This will result in individuals feeling disconnected or uninvolved with their society. Ego integrity vs. Despair This is the final stage in Eriksons developmental theory of psychosocial. Their age limit is from sixty five years till death. As we grow older and become senior citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a retired person.   It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. But Erik Erikson also believed if we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our pasts, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. So to overcome that despair, it is important to positively pass those above mentioned stages starting since infant. Importance of Eriksons theory in understanding human development Eriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. He was a psychoanalyst and also a humanitarian. So his theory is useful far beyond psychoanalysis its useful for any application involving personal awareness and development of oneself or others. Life is a series of lessons and challenges which help us to grow, and here his wonderful theory helps to tell us why. The theory is helpful for child development and adults too as it highlight important issues in particular stage and suggest the solution for that crises in pursuit of better development. Moreover, his eight stages theory is said to be a tremendously powerful model: it is very accessible and obviously relevant to modern life, from several different perspectives, for understanding and explaining how personality and behaviour develops in people. In addition, Eriksons theory is useful for teaching, parenting, self-awareness, managing and coaching, dealing with conflict, and generally for understanding self and others. Thus, we can conclude that his work is as relevant today as when he first outlined his original theory, in fact given the modern pressures on society, family and relationships and the quest for personal development and fulfilment his ideas are probably more relevant now than ever. Is it the crises that must be resolved in each stage a catastrophe? In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. From his point of view, these conflicts are centred on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. We have found that in his stage, each stage involves a crisis of two opposing emotional forces where Erikson termed these opposing forces as contrary dispositions. Each crisis stage relates to a corresponding life stage and its inherent challenges. Successfully passing through each crisis involves maintaining balance  between the two opposing dispositions that represent each crisis. For example a healthy balance at crisis stage, stage one, Trust v Mistrust, might be described as experiencing and growing through the crisis Trust(of people, life and ones future development) and also experiencing and growing a suitable capacity for Mistrust where appropriate, so as not to be hopelessly unrealistic or gullible, nor to be mistrustful of everything. Or experiencing and growing through stage two (Autonomy v Shame Doubt) to be essentially Autonomous (to be ones own person and not a mindless or quivering follower) but to have sufficient capacity for Shame and Doubt, so as to be free-thinking and independent, while also being ethical and considerate and responsible, etc. Erikson called these successful balanced outcomes Basic Virtues or Basic Strengths. He identified one particular word to represent the fundamental strength gained at each stage. What the child acquires at a given stage is a certain  ratio  between the positive and negative, which if the balance is toward the positive, will help him to meet later crises with a better chance for unimpaired total developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Erikson) A well-balanced positive experience during each stage develops a corresponding  basic virtue-a helpful personality development, each of which enables a range of other related emotional and psychological strengths. For example passing successfully through the Industry versus Inferiority crisis produces the basic psychosocial virtue of competence, and related strengths such as method, skills, techniques, ability to work with processes and collaborations, etc). Where passage through a crisis stage is less successful then to a varying extent the personality acquires an unhelpful emotional or psychological tendency. Person passing  unsuccessfully  through a psychosocial crisis stage they develop a tendency towards one or other of the opposing forces, which then becomes a behavioural tendency, or even a mental problem which corresponds to one of the two opposite extremes of the crisis concerned. So, it is true that these crises are not really a catastrophe; rather, it is a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential where human can develop well unless and until it is not satisfactorily resolved. Conclusion Eriksons stages of psychological development were complex, but simple. It is something everyone will go through and experiences will always be different. Surprisingly, previous stages are highly influential to the proceeding stage. While Eriksons model emphasises the sequential significance of the eight character-forming crisis stages, the concept also asserts that humans continue to change and develop throughout their lives, and that personality is not exclusively formed during early childhood years. It is certainly a view that greatly assists encouraging oneself and others to see the future as an opportunity for positive change and development, instead of looking back with blame and regret. The better that people come through each crisis, the better they will tend to deal with what lies ahead, but this is not to say that all is lost and never to be recovered if a person has had a negative experience during any particular crisis stage. Lessons can be revisited successfully when they recur, if we recognise and welcome them. Finally I should say that he was keen to improve the way children and young people are taught and nurtured, and it would be appropriate for his ideas to be more widely known and used in day-to-day life as it is very powerful for self-awareness and improvement, and for teaching and helping others.

What Extend Was the Religious Settlement of Elizabeth’s Own?

October 13th Morta Ramoskaite Y12 History. Homework. Essay. To what extend was the Religious settlement of Elizabeth’s own choosing? There, in Britain, were many changes which occurred in religion between 1558 and 1629. These changes happened because of famous Britain queen Elizabeth the 1st . This Queen was born to be a Protestant all her life. So, this is because all the Catholics were against her. She had to think a lot how to do that the Protestants and the Catholics could live together in one country and be friendly to each other.All these events did that Elizabeth made new Religious settlement such as rules for the English Protestants and Catholic and also she was pushed to do some settlements for instance because of difficult 1st passage suggesting the 2nd settlement was a compromise. But, I think that extend the Religious settlement was Elizabeth’s own choosing because she was a Protestant, the Catholics were against her and she wanted to be sure that nobody wil l not make troubles in her career as a queen. First of all, the most important thing was that she was born in a Protestant family.Her father – Henry VIII king of England had six wives, it was illegal in Catholic Church. Elizabeth was his and Anne Boleyn child. Anne was the third wife of Henry VIII they had not had mirage in Catholic Church. So she was a Protestant since she born. This was the main problem in her life like a queen. She made a lot of new settlements in period 1558 – 1629. She made that in her county would be two religions. Also, because she was a Protestant all of Protestants were for her so she was not afraid of them. So, this the reason she helped for them.For example, Protestants had two prayer books written by Edward. One was written in 1549 and another in 1552. In these books communion prayer is said twice: ‘’In memory’’; ’’This is the body’’. In the same way Protestants had only English hymns n ot Latin and the word of god was English. Elizabeth also change that Protestant got new communion tables and alter were replacing with them. The most important thing for her was Church’s and priest’s image. One of her settlement is saying that walls in Protestant Churches have to white wacked, and windows have to be from plain glass not from colorful.Priests had to wear Vestments. However, she did not let them married so they were still in celibates. All these settlements let for Protestants think that they are better than Catholics because they had more freedom. So, Catholic Church was really angry on Elizabeth. But she made this because she was Protestant and it was better for her that Protestants took better position than Catholics. Protestants protected her from ‘’war’’ with Catholic Church. I think that it was good choice because with these settlements she made new country which was better and more loyal for her like a queen.However, Que en Elizabeth the 1st did not forget the Catholic Church and changed some roles for them too. I think that the main reason why she created new settlements for the Church of Catholics was that all Catholics were against her. They could not understood you the Queen of England can be Protestant, they wanted new king or queen. So, this was the sign that Elizabeth has to do something with them. She made new roles like that, that the Catholics had to be happy that they are not presented (‘’ Won’t make windows into men souls’’).She banned some of the Catholic’s practices for example, some of the sacraments were banned, relics, fake miracles, even candles were banned. I think that she hated Catholics because of them not loyal thinking about her. But she tried to find a compromise with them so this is because she let still have fundamentally in transubstantiation, and clerical vestments – celebrate priests. On the other hand, she agreed with Hie rarchy of Catholic Church that the queen is in the top of hierarchy.So, I think that all these new settlements for the Catholic Church was her own choosing, because she tried to make all England loyal for her but not against her. In my opinion these roles were good for Catholic Church because without it I think now England would have really strong Catholic Church life, but because of Elizabeth and because of some events, which were happened in her life’s time like a queen, we have Anglicans in England not Christians. Finally, I think that Elizabeth’s settlements were really clever and this is because she was thinking all the time how to find the best choice.Although she was a Protestant Queen all her time of changing the settlements she was thinking not only about the Protestants but also she was thinking about the Catholics. As we know she was trying to find the best suggest for both of Religions. She was really very careful when she was trying to find a balance betwe en two of different Religions that these two Religions could live together in one country without fights, and in country which has one queen and all of this country citizens would be loyal and good for them queen.It was the hardest thing in her live and also it was like a goal in all her queen’s life. However, in these settlements and rules was some kind of things that were understood only by queen nobody could not understood what she wanted to say with this settlement. Some of the settlements shows that they are in a control by queen and did not matter how they look like she was happy with that and she really did not want to change it. For example it can be that Vestments were controversy in period of year 1564- 1566.Also, she had opportunity to say for the Protestants when they can go to Jaw Christians. So, she was really queen inside her body because she was doing everything that all country would be in her hands. To sum up, I think that these changes of Religions settleme nt in England was Elizabeth’s the 1st own choosing. Because of herself . As we know she was a Protestant so she made for the Protestant’s Church more better settlements that for the Catholic’s Church. So, we can say that she tried to make her career as a queen the best as it possible and it worked.

The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 934 Words

The Black Box in the short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portrays the villagers as primitive and stuck in their ways. The purpose of the box, like the lottery, has become vague with the times. Although the Black box is well-worn, it represents the barbaric mindset of the villagers. The exact origin of the rituals and traditions in the â€Å"The Lottery† is not stated by Shirley Jackson; however, the traditions seem to be just as old as the town itself. Although most of the villagers in the short story are unaware of the old rituals, they view it as a form of spiritual cleansing. The villagers are deeply-rooted in their archaic traditions filled with superstitions human sacrifices, and crops. Old man Warner, a man who is happy to be celebrating his seventy-seventh lottery is seen as a prominent figure in the short story. Old man Warner’s character is very traditional and reluctant to change. In the eyes of the villagers, old man Warner is a winner and free from bad luck. The black box is a determinant between lifeShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husbandRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1391 Words   |  6 PagesMarina Grishechkina Professor Abbott English 126 April 6, 2016 â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery† introduces the reader to a cruel ritual of the village where people gather together to participate in the annual elimination of a random villager. Superficially friendly mood in the town at the beginning of the story was replaced by hostile and violent human behavior at the end. Warm and sunny summer morning did

A Definition of Speech Community in Sociolinguistics

Speech community is a term in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology used to describe a group of people who share the same language,  speech  characteristics, and ways of interpreting communication. Speech communities may be large regions like an urban area with a common, distinct accent (think of Boston with its dropped rs) or small units like families and friends (think of a nickname for a sibling). They help people define themselves as individuals and community members and identify (or misidentify) others. Speech and Identity The concept of speech as a means of identifying with a community first emerged in 1960s  academia alongside other new fields of research like ethnic and gender studies. Linguists like John Gumperz pioneered research in how personal interaction can influence ways of speaking and interpreting, while Noam Chomsky studied how people interpret language and derive meaning from what they see and hear. Types of Communities Speech communities can be large or small, although linguists dont agree on how theyre defined. Some, like linguist  Muriel Saville-Troike, argue that its logical to assume that a shared language like English, which is spoken throughout the world, is a speech community.  But she differentiates between hard-shelled communities, which tend to be insular and intimate, like a family or religious sect, and soft-shelled communities where there is a lot of interaction. But other linguists say a common language is too vague to be considered a true speech community. The linguistic anthropologist  Zdenek Salzmann describes it this way: [P]eople who speak the same language are not always members of the same  speech community. On the one hand, speakers of South Asian English in India and Pakistan share a language with citizens of the U.S., but the respective varieties of English and the rules for speaking them are sufficiently distinct to assign the two populations to different speech communities... Instead, Salzman and others say, speech communities should be more narrowly defined based on characteristics such as pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and manner of speaking. Study and Research The concept of speech community plays a role in a number of social science, namely sociology, anthropology, linguists, even psychology. People who study issues of migration and ethnic identity use social community theory to study things like how immigrants assimilate into larger societies, for instance. Academics who focus on racial, ethnic, sexual​ or gender issues apply social community theory when they study issues of personal identity and politics. It also plays a role in data collection. By being aware of how communities are defined, researchers can adjust their subject pools in order to obtain representative sample populations. Sources Morgan,  Marcyliena H. What Are Speech Communities? Cambridge University Press, 2014.Salzmann,  Zdenek. Language, Culture, and Society: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology. Westview, 2004Saville-Troike, Muriel. The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Blackwell, 2003.