Recommendations on fisheries an Example by

Recommendations on fisheries Fishing has been a major occupational and socio-cultural activity, especially of the people who reside in coastal regions in various parts of the World. However, it has had a negative impact on the number and type of fishes that remains in the oceans, leading to fishing mortality. Hence, it has become necessary to have certain rules and regulations to manage these natural resources. The term fishing mortality is a technical term, which refers to the rate at which the fish are removed from the natural stocks of fishes available in the ocean and seas. It should be considered as the percent at which the fish are removed every year from the oceans. It is important to remember that fishing occurs throughout the year, and at the same time fishes are added into the natural stocks. If the fishing mortality is reduced, there are chances that the yield would increase. However, the fishes are removed continuously, seriously depleting the natural stocks (Lobster Conservation, 2007; FAO, 2007). Need essay sample on "Recommendations on fisheries" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Although, the oceans covers three-fourths of the earth, the natural resources present are being exploited in a manner, which they cannot be replaced. Overfishing is existent throughout the world. In urban areas, the problem is even more severe. Western style of fishing has tried to solve the fishing problems in the past, but now uncontrollable activities have really taken a serious toll on nature. The fisherman and the fishing corporations are catching much more fish such that nature is unable to replace them. Although, fishing can be said to be a sustainable activity, overfishing should be considered to be unsustainable. Due to this activity, smaller and immature fishes are being caught. The actual cause of overfishing has been the increasing human demand for seafood (Overfishing.org, 2007). Throughout the world, the number of trawlers that perform deep-sea fishing is increasing. Many companies are not managing the natural resource caught. More than 80 % of the natural fishing stocks in the world are overexploited, depleted or exploited. Several species of fishes are lost due to the damaging overfishing activities. This is having a serious activity on the natural ecological systems. A natural resource that is a source of social activity, diet and nutrition and economy to millions of people throughout the world would be lost within a short period of time (Overfishing.org, 2007). In Canada, during the year 1992, the Canadian Fishing corporations found no cod in the seas due to overfishing. This has left more than 40, 000 people in the coastal regions of Canada effectively with no source of livelihood. These communities are still in search of fishing stocks for earning their income. The overfishing activities in the oceans have seriously affected other species found in the oceans such as sharks, whales, dolphins, sea birds, deep marine inhabitants, etc. Fishing corporations are in fact turning to hunting these species as a replacement for the fishes usually obtained from the oceans. This has affected the biodiversity found in the deep oceans (Overfishing.org, 2007). The fishing industry has in fact wasted several natural resources. Many unwanted fishes that are caught, are returned to the oceans dead. The fishing corporations should remember that they form an important part of nature and cannot unnecessarily be destroyed in such a way. Besides, shark fishing has also turned out to be a huge disaster for this species. Sharks are very difficult to replace in nature. They reproduce at a very slow rate compared to any other species. Sharks usually group in single sex packs, and in such circumstances, it may be very difficult for them to reproduce. In some parts of the world, such as China, Japan and South America, there is a delicacy to consume shark fins. The other parts of the body are suualy wasted. This has seriously distorted a natural resource. In many parts of the world sharks are caught along with other fishes accidentally. This happened in the 1950s in the Gulf of Mexico areas, in which certain types of sharks (Oceanic White tips) were caug ht mistaking them to be tuna. However, the fisherman only realised that they were not tuna when they reached the market. Hence, these natural resources were seriously getting depleted. More than 99 % of the sharks in the Gulf of Mexico region were lost in the process. Hammerheads are also facing such a story, as more than 89 % of them are lost due to fishing (Overfishing.org, 2007). Hence, all the nations should take it as a priority to save the natural resources present in the oceans immediately. However, the situation needs to be thoroughly evaluated as millions of people living in the coastal areas depend on the seas for a livelihood. Socio-economic considerations communities that depend on the sea for their livelihood should be allowed to use this natural resource. They should be demonstrated the manner in which the resources can be sustained for a longer time. They should also be demonstrated the alternatives to fishing such as fish and shrimp farming. Permitting them to catch fish for themselves, their families and their communities will not have a serious impact on the fishing stocks. The term overfishing needs to be defined in a more precise manner. Overfishing can have economic as well as biological consequences. The biological consequences may include destruction of the naturally existing populations of fishes present in the oceans to such an extent t hat the species may find it difficult replace. The populations of these fishes may drop seriously. However, the overfishing may have even more serious economic consequences. Losing a natural resource would have an even serious implication on the food chain. Other fishes may depend on the smaller ones, and once these are lost even the larger ones would get destroyed. Many of the fishing communities surviving in various parts of the world, have depended on the oceans for a livelihood. The oceans have not only provided a livelihood, but also social and cultural resources. They have been using the oceans for fishing since a long-time, and have ensured that the natural resources are not exploited to the extent that they would get depleted and unsustainable. Traditional, their entire diet and nutrition would be derived from fishes. If the fishing activities were banned, these communities would be in serious jeopardy. They would have their economic and culture sources cut off. Many of the towns that are formed along the seacoast depend on fishing for its survival. These communities have protected the seas and oceans by preventing their exploitation. If they were prevented from fishing in the oceans further, it would not do any justice to them (Grain.org, 2007 & Overfishing.org, 1997). In several pacific islands such Samoa, Solomon Islands, Marianas, Micronesia, etc, fishing is basically done for subsistence rather than commercial fishing. The locals in these parts of the world consume a diet of about 200 kgs of fish every year. In some of the Pacific islands such as Naura and Tonga, fishing is mainly done for commercial purposes rather than subsistence sake. This has seriously led to a decline in the catch size, which has been observed in recent times. In 1999, the catch size was about 90, 000 tonnes, whereas in 2001 it was about 30, 000 tonnes (UNEP, 2005). There are several strategies by which the fish mortality can be reduced. However, conflicting interests of the human populations needs to be addressed. Some of the means of reducing the fishing mortality include: - Restricting the fishing activity for certain period of time It may be very difficult to restrict fishing for a particular season. However, during the breeding season, the fishing operations can be reduced to ensure that the population of fishes are able to recover. This would also ensure that the fish are able to grow and mature and that immature forms are not caught. The fishes should be given time to breed, multiply and grow. The government and other enforcement agencies should plan this well in advance. In many parts of the world, certain types of fishing activities are not permitted during the monsoon season. People who engage in fishing activities should be given part time jobs to ensure that they do get some earnings (FAO, 2007). Restricting on the type of fishing activity performed The local fisherman that basically fish for the survival of the local population should be permitted to remove the fish from the sea. This is because they usually do not indulge in damaging fishing activities. Commercial fishing activity should be prohibited for certain periods of time especially during the breeding season. This would help in recovering the fish population. Besides, the commercial fishing boats should be permitted to fish for only certain types of fishes that are easily sustained in nature. Limits should be placed on the amount they can fish per operation. Usually, fishing corporations would remove an unregulated amount of fishes, as there are no rules with regards to this issue. The Government would have to frame a legislation limiting the amounts of fishes that can actually be removed from the oceans. Efforts should also be on to prevent entry of fishing trawlers in certain places in the ocean known as tapus an d fonos (FAO, 2007 & UNEP, 2005). Changing the type of fishing gear Some of the fishing activities may take extended periods of time, and fisherman has to compensate for it by drawing larger amounts of fish. Having more effective gear that would enable catching the fish faster can reduce this. An example of this would be to utilise purse-seines nets instead of gill nets. The operation costs of the fishing activity would also be reduced. The fisherman can also engage in performing other activities. Efforts should also be on to prevent fishing unwanted varieties of sea animals. An example of this would be to have a turtle trap that would enable sea turtles and bigger fish to escape in case they are caught. Fishing nets that permit catching only the matured fish should be utilised. This would enable the fry to escape (FAO, 2007). Community approaches The fishing communities throughout the world should be educated of the damaging effects overfishing is having no the natural resources. Communities should stick to their traditional fishing approaches. In many regions of the world, traditional fishing approaches have returned and have been very useful in reducing the mortality rates of fishes. The communities should be educated about the types of fishes that have to be caught, returning the unwanted varieties back into nature immediately and using certain fishing methods. Many islands in the Pacific Ocean have conservative community-based programs developed. The developed nations have to encourage implementation of such programs in the developing countries. The communities have also be educated about the associated activities of fishing that could have a damaging effect on nature, such as cutting wood for smoking the fish products, using polluting boats, etc. Many of the pacific islanders are being underpaid for their fishing products. The buyers should ensure that these communities are paid as per the international rates to ensure that they do not indulge in overfishing in order to compensate for the reduced rates (UNEP, 2005). References: Delaware Sea Giant (2007), Nutritional Information, Retrieved September 29, 2007. FAO (2007), Control Of Fishing Mortality, Retrieved September 29, 2007. Grain (2007), Addressing the threats of ., Retrieved September 29, 2007. Lobster Conservation (2007), Fishing Mortality Rate, Retrieved September 29, 2007. OLRAC - Socio-economic considerations, Retrieved September 29, 2007. Overfishing.org (2007), Overfishing-A global disaster, Retrieved September 29, 2007.

Rock essays

Rock essays During the Doors concert in Miami, in 1969, lead singer Jim Morrison, "did lewdly and lasciviously expose his penis and shake it. . ." (Rosen et al. 90). Today, Billy Joe Armstrong, lead singer of Green Day, bares all at his concert in Philadelphia (Bernstein 95). The eccentric Courtney Love will rip off her bra for the audience to marvel and glorify at her action (Bernstein 95). She acts in such a fashion because she is insane and wants to prove it to the world, where as Billy Joe just performs naked for the shock value and the love of hearing tabloids and gossip. Both performers of past and present conducted strange acts on stage for the shock value and attention, but with performers of old, it reflected their life and what they were really like. Today's performers, however, do not act like that in real life, for the most part. Today, performers take on challenges, like the dare of a child. . . "Betcha won't do it!" These rock performers cannot turn down a dare or back away from even the slightest bit of public notoriety. By listening to one of their "questionable" albums, it is easily noticeable how they thrive off of it. All of these performers do have one thing in common, at one time or another, censorship made them victims because of their social unacceptable actions or the content of their music and lyrics. While censorship is slightly more realistic and open-minded (no more censoring performers from the waist down, like Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan show), it still affects listeners and their choice of music quite significantly. Although the government, music associations, and other various groups try censorship, the music a person chooses is still, and always should be, his choice. Some children are too young for the exposure to certain types of music. Albums containing sexually explicit lyrics depicting sexualacts in great detail are not good for young children to ...

Before Obamacare, the National Health Insurance Plan

Before Obamacare, the National Health Insurance Plan Introduction In 2009, President Barack Obama unveiled his proposal for a plan intended to reduce the soaring costs of healthcare by providing all Americans with health insurance. The plan, titled Healthcare America at the time, would eventually be passed by Congress as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. The following article, published in 2009, outlines President Obama’s original vision for what we now know as â€Å"Obamacare.† Key Takeaways: Original Obamacare What became â€Å"Obamacare† was called Healthcare America when first proposed by President Barack Obama in January 2009.The plan was intended to lower the nation’s healthcare costs by providing all Americans with health insurance.Under Healthcare America, all U.S. residents not covered by Medicare or an employer-provided plan would be allowed to buy insurance at lower rates through a government-run Health Care for America program.All U.S. employers would be required to provide their employees with insurance coverage or pay an additional tax to help pay for Healthcare America.Maximum monthly health insurance premiums paid under Health Care for America were to range from $70 for an individual to $140 for a couple.Healthcare America was greatly modified and eventually enacted as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2010 Obamacare as Envisioned in 2009 A national health insurance plan, administered by the federal government as an alternative to private health insurance, will probably be proposed this year by President Obama. Despite the massive cost of a universal health insurance plan, estimated at up to $2 trillion over 10 years, support for the plan is growing in Congress. Obama, and Democratic congressional leaders argue that by reducing health care costs, a universal health insurance plan would actually help reduce the national deficit. Opponents argue that the savings, though real, would have only a minor impact on the deficit. While the politics and pros and cons of nationalized health care have been debated for years, the national health insurance element of President Obama’s overall health care reform agenda appears to have a good chance of happening. So far, the framework of Obama’s national health insurance plan is best described in Jacob Hacker’s â€Å"Health Care for America† plan. The Goal: Health Insurance for Everyone As described by Jacob Hacker of the Economic Policy Institute, the national health insurance plan – â€Å"Health Care for America† – attempts to provide affordable health insurance to all non-elderly Americans through a combination of a new Medicare-like program provided by the government and existing employer-provided health plans. Under Health Care for America, every legal resident of the U.S. who is not covered by either Medicare or an employer-provided plan could purchase coverage through Health Care for America. As it currently does for Medicare, the federal government would bargain for lower prices and upgraded care for every Health Care for America enrollee. All Health Care for America enrollees could choose coverage under the affordable Medicare-like plan offering them free choice of medical providers or a selection of more expensive, comprehensive private health insurance plans. To help pay for the plan, all U.S. employers would be expected to either provide health coverage for their employees equal in quality to Health Care for America or pay a modest payroll-based tax to support Health Care for America and help their employees buy their own coverage. The process would be similar to how employers currently pay an unemployment tax to help fund state unemployment compensation programs. Self-employed persons could buy coverage under Health Care for America by paying the same payroll-based tax as employers. Persons not in the workplace could buy coverage by paying premiums based on their annual income. In addition, the federal government would offer the states incentives to enroll any remaining uninsured individuals in Health Care for America. Non-elderly beneficiaries of Medicare and S-CHIP (the State Childrens Health Insurance Program) would be automatically enrolled in the Health Care for America Plan, either through their employers or individually. In summary, supporters of the Health Care for America plan say it would provide the U.S. with universal health care coverage by: being available to any legal U.S. resident without good workplace coverage;requiring that employers (and the self-employed) either purchase coverage comparable to Health Care for America for all their workers or pay a relatively modest payroll contribution (6% of payroll) to fund Health Care for America coverage for all their employees; andrequiring that Americans who remain without insurance either purchase private coverage or buy into the Health Care for America Plan. For persons already covered by employer-provided health insurance, Health Care for America would virtually eliminate the suddenly very real threat of losing coverage because of layoffs. What Would the Plan Cover? According to its supporters, Health Care for America will provide comprehensive coverage. Along with all current Medicare benefits, the plan will cover mental health and maternal and child health. Unlike Medicare, Health Care for America will place limits on total annual out-of-pocket costs paid by enrollees. Drug coverage would be provided directly by Health Care for America, rather than by private health plans. Medicare would be modified to allow it to provide the elderly and disabled with the same direct drug coverage. In addition, preventive and well-child checkups would be provided to all beneficiaries at no out-of-pocket cost. How Much Will Coverage Cost? As proposed, the maximum monthly Health Care for America premium would be $70 for an individual, $140 for a couple, $130 for a single-parent family, and $200 for all other families. For those enrolled in the plan at their place of work, anyone whose income was below 200% of the poverty level (about $10,000 for an individual and $20,000 for a family of four ) would pay no additional premiums. The plan would also offer extensive, but so far unspecified, assistance to enrollees to help them afford coverage. Health Care for America coverage would be continuous and guaranteed. Once enrolled, individuals or families would remain covered unless they become covered by a qualified private insurance plan through their employer.

WHAT IS WESTERN CIVILIZATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WHAT IS WESTERN CIVILIZATION - Essay Example The development of societies therefore is major component that emphasizes the changes and corroborates with the wider imperatives associated with Western civilization. The emergence of Western civilization is often linked to Greece and Roman civilization of Europe where resurgence of art and culture and increased trade activities became the fundamental of advancing society. The consolidation of political power through trade and commerce was the highlight of the era that witnessed dramatic changes in political, social and cultural environment of Europe. The changes were mainly due to advancing knowledge in the area of science and technology and greater awareness of art and culture. Major discoveries and invention in the area of science and technology can be contributed to this period. Great artists and scholars like Michelangelo, Leonard da Vinci, Copernicus, Galileo, Botticeli etc were few of the prominent artists and scholars who had made significant impact on world and are still acknowledged for their work. Western civilization is also referred to European countries and the new world which owed its origin to the European colonization. The New World or the contemporary America is intrinsic part of Western civilization. The tremendous advancement of American society in all areas vis-Ã  -vis socio-cultural and political environment has been vital element that has contributed to its rapid growth into Western civilization. Indeed, the judicious use of knowledge and its development into most powerful democratic state of the world has been recognized by everyone. The science and technology was used for social advancement with envious competencies and socio-cultural and political tenets were interpreted through accrued knowledge rather than through religious guidelines. These were key components of emerging new models of Western civilization. Western civilization is integral to the advancing knowledge that is exploited for socio-economic and political

Sustainability and waste management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainability and waste management - Case Study Example During the examination, Env Consultant took note of all the waste disposal facilities at the store. These consisted of Waste Bins kept at various locations for emptying the general wastes of the Store. (Env Consultant, 2005, p.7) Along with the site assessment, Env Consultant also carried out a survey of the existing waste management practices at the Acme Facility. The Central Store had a number of General Waste Bins kept in various locations, where the employees could throw their waste products. In addition to the bins, there were cardboard bales situated in certain places of the Store which could also be used for the disposal of solid wastes. The Waste Bins and the Bales were emptied at regular intervals to ensure that the solid wastes did not accumulate in the Acme Store site. Therefore, Acme had a fairly well regulated system of solid management on its store location. (Env Consultant, 2005, p.7). Modern organizations are engaged in a number of complex business processes. Usually corporations employ several inputs like capital, raw materials, human resources etc. to generate products and services which can be sold in the market to earn revenue. The production of goods and services are accomplished through complicated processes which generate waste materials in addition to the desired products. These waste materials need to be managed and disposed in a proper manner so that they do not create a hazard for the surrounding environment. Most of the countries have administered strict laws regarding the appropriate disposal of waste products and corporations are expected to abide by these laws. This is where the importance of conducting Waste Assessment Programs in Organizations can be considered. Corporations themselves engage different environmental consultancies to assess the former’s existing waste management and disposal practices. Such assessment programs are carried o ut for mainly serving two purposes. From the Waste Management Report, firms can

Eriksons Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development Psychology Essay

Eriksons Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development Psychology Essay It is obvious that human undergo lots of changes such as biological, cognitive, psychological and in behaviour since the time of conception till they attain their complete adult age. These changes are said to be under any of the influences like nature, nurture, environment, and social. We also know that based on these aspects, numbers of psychologist such as B. F Skinner, Sigmund Freud, Albert Bandura, Jean Pieget Carl Rogers and Erik Erikson have proposed many theories pertaining to human development. One of the main among them was, Erik Erikson, possibly the best known of Sigmund Freuds many followers, who have proposed psychosocial theory. In his theory, he strongly believed that psychosocial principle is genetically inevitable in shaping human development.   His theory indirectly reveals that our personality traits come in opposites; we think of ourselves as optimistic or pessimistic, independent or dependent, emotional or unemotional, adventurous or cautious, leader or follower, aggressive or passive. Many of these are inborn temperament traits, but other characteristics, such as feeling either competent or inferior, appear to be learned, based on the challenges (mind: psychological, and physical), and support due to social ( relationships) we receive in growing up. Moreover, it says It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes  a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of emotional immaturity in him, (Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994)). Similarly a child goes through many changes and confronts with many developmental challenges that they have to overcome those challenges on the road from infancy to adulthood. There is a never ending struggle to make sense out of this complex process. And there is no end to theories trying to explain it. Thus, this essay looks at Eriksons psychological theories of development that comprises of five stages of development, and its implications and benefits of understanding the theory in following paragraphs. This essay also talks about the crises that must be resolved in every stage that we attain in the process of development. Eriksons eight stages of psychosocial development Erik Erikson believed that childhood is very important in personality development. He developed a theory of psychosocial development that covers an entire life. Get through his initial five stages and we will be an adult. Each stage is a challenge or crisis that must be resolved before going to another stage. His theory of psychosocial development is considered as one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freuds theory of psychosexual stages, Eriksons theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. In addition to ego identity, Erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviours and actions. Each stage in Eriksons theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. Various terms are used to describe Eriksons model, for example Eriksons bio psychosocial or bio-psycho-social theory (bio refers to biological, which in this context means life); Eriksons human development cycle or life cycle, and variations of these. All refer to the same eight stages psychosocial theory, it being Eriksons most distinct work and remarkable model. All of the stages in Eriksons epigenetic theory are implicitly present at birth but unfold according to both an innate scheme and ones up-bringing in a family that expresses the values of a culture. Each stage builds on the preceding stages, and paves the way for subsequent stages. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis, which is based on physiological development, but also on demands put on the individual by parents and/or society. Ideally, the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage, in order for development to proceed correctly. The outcome of one stage is not permanent, but can be altered by later experiences. Everyone has a mixture of the traits attained at each stage, but personality development is considered successful if the individual has more of the good traits than the bad traits. Those eight stages of development are as follow: Trust vs. Mistrust Eriksons first psychosocial conflict is trust versus mistrust. This stage begins at birth and continues until about one year of age. The central issue that infants resolve in this stage is Can I trust others? Erikson, in his theory explains that infants learn to trust other people if their needs are satisfied by their caregivers. If a caregiver is irresponsible to the infants needs and they go un-met, then instead of developing trustworthiness, the infant will develop mistrust n his or her mind. In this stage, infants will also start realizing that they are state of dependent o independent to caregivers who respond to their need. That is how they begin to distinguish self from others. For example, many researchers have found that two to three month old infants do begin to distinguish themselves from their caretakers However, by resolving this crisis at this the infant will develop a healthy balance between trust and mistrust that is if only they are fed and cared for and not over-indulged or over-protected. For instance, being cruelty to them will destroy trust and lead to development of mistrust which results in incensement of a persons resistance to risk-exposure and exploration. On the other hand infants who grow up to trust are more able to hope and have faith that every things will be fine and develop a sense of challenge in his or her mind. Therefore, it is important to development to have a successful resolution of this stage because it lays the foundation for each additional stage. If a stage is not resolved correctly, later stages may remain unresolved as well. Parents are primarily responsible for satisfying this stage of development in their child. It is imperative parents are attentive to their infants needs so trust can be developed. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt The second stage is anatomy verses shame and doubt. This occurs from about eighteen months of age to around three years old. In this stage most critical issue they confront is that their intermediate state, not sure about whether they can do things on their own or do they need someone to assist them. Erikson says that this is the point at which the child can develop a certain amount of independence/autonomy, or otherwise end up in doubt and shame or always as dependent. Autonomy (self-reliance) is independence of thought, and a basic confidence to think and act ones own. Shame and Doubt refers to reduction in self-expression and developing ones own ideas, opinions and sense of self.   It is at this stage that the child needs support from parents so that repeated failures and ridicule are not the only experiences encountered.   So, the parents need to encourage the child to becoming more independent whilst at the same time protecting the child so that constant failure is avoided. They must try not to do everything for the child but if the child fails at a particular task they must not criticize the child for failures and accidents.   For example, toilet training is a said to be significant part of this crisis where parental reactions, encouragement and patience play an impor tant role in shaping the young childs experience and successful progression through this period. When children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world.   If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities. If one was to achieve autonomy then they would have a feeling of confidence, but if those that dont achieve autonomy doubt their own abilities and have a sense of inadequacy. Therefore, the importance of parental reaction should have concerns in all aspects of toddler exploration and discovery while small children struggle to find their feet almost literally as little people in their own right. Imitative vs. Guilt Imitative vs. Guilt is the third stage of psychosocial development. It is around three to six years of age when this role must be established. The main role is to establish purpose and its achieve through exploration and play (Cherry, 2011). That means, children begin to affirm their power over the world through interactions between people and play and by asserting over their environment through different challenges. Initiative is the capability to devise actions or projects, and a confidence and belief that it is okay to do so, even with a risk of failure or making mistakes. That is how their idea of initiative develops positively. On the other hand if the child is not given chance to play and explore or stoped taking any kind of initiative, they understand their actions as a point if embarrassment and results in developing guild in them. Thus, guilt refers the feeling that it is wrong or inappropriate to instigate something of ones own design. Guilt results from being admonished or believing that something is wrong or likely to attract disapproval. Suppressing adventure and experimentation, or preventing young children doing things for themselves because of time, mess or a bit of risk will inhibit the development of confidence to initiate, replacing it instead with an unhelpful fear of being wrong or unapproved. The fear of being admonished or accused of being stupid becomes a part of the personality. If I dont initiate or stick my neck out Ill be safe... Therefore, it is duty of parents and caregivers to solve this crises, and challenge to get the balance right between giving young children enough space and encouragement so as to foster a sense of purpose and confidence, but to protect against danger. Industry vs. Inferiority In the Eriksons theory of psychosocial development, industry verses inferiority is the fourth stage. This takes place around the age of six to eleven years old. In this stage a person will be asking them self How can I be good?(Cherry, 2011). In this stage they try to master with their new and complex skills in accomplishing their task because they do increasingly complicated tasks. Erikson described this stage as a sort of entrance to life, and is a crucial aspect of school years experience. A child who experiences the satisfaction of achievement of anything positive will move towards successful negotiation of this crisis stage. However if a child who experiences failure at school tasks and work, or worse still who is denied the opportunity to discover and develop their own capabilities and strengths and unique potential, quite naturally is prone to feeling inferior and useless and develop very low self-stem in them. To solve this crisis, parents, teachers or caregiver should let them engage with others through social interaction and using tools or technology. Therefore, their supports in approving of what children are doing results in Childs believe in themselves. If reinforcement to the positive aspects lacks then they will believe that they are inferior to everyone and they dont matter. Identity vs. Identity confusion Identity vs. Identity confusion is the fifth stage where one is supposed to achieve their identity from the ages of twelve to eighteen. Before this stage, a person was exploring and discovering their independence and sense of self. But in this stage they develop a sense of self and personal identity. Erikson believe that here the child has to learn the roles he will occupy as an adult. It is during this stage that the adolescent will re-examine his identity and try to find out exactly who he is.   During this stage the body image of the adolescent changes and success in this stage will lead to the virtue of  fidelity. Their exploring of possibilities and beginning to form own identity develops a sense of direction in life. If all goes well, then a person will have a strong sense of self and independent and in control of the situation. However, if there is a lack of reinforcement, then the person will be insecure and will be confused about them in the future. The sense of who they are gets hindered, then it will result in a sense of confusion about them and their role in the world and that is how they cant adapt and establish in the society. Therefore, in order to solve this problem positive reinforcement from parents, teachers, school, society and friends is vital. Intimacy vs. Isolation From the age of nineteen to forty one will in the stage of intimacy vs. isolation. Intimacy means the process of achieving relationships with family and marital or mating partner. He explained this stage also in terms of sexual mutuality the giving and receiving of physical and emotional connection, support, love, comfort, trust, and all the other elements that we would typically associate with healthy adult relationships conducive to mating and child-rearing. We explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments with someone other than a family member.   Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship.   Isolation conversely means being and feeling excluded from the usual life experiences of dating and mating and mutually loving relationships. This logically is characterised by feelings of loneliness, alienation, social withdrawal or non-participation. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Thus to be successful in this stage, it is highly important that we achieve our identity. Developing close, intimate friendships are important to person so that we will have strong relationship. If not, its failure will lead to isolation and the lack of relationship. Generatively vs. Stagnation Generatively vs. Stagnation is the seventh stage in Eriksons psychosocial development. It occurs from forty years old to sixty-five years old. And this stage struck with the question how to contribute to the world? Here, adult strive to nurture things that they want their children to do the things that will help the world or something that they will be remembered by. For example, during middle adulthood, we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture.   We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations.   On the other side, if person fail in finding a way to contribute to the society or by failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and feel unproductive. This will result in individuals feeling disconnected or uninvolved with their society. Ego integrity vs. Despair This is the final stage in Eriksons developmental theory of psychosocial. Their age limit is from sixty five years till death. As we grow older and become senior citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a retired person.   It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. But Erik Erikson also believed if we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our pasts, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness. So to overcome that despair, it is important to positively pass those above mentioned stages starting since infant. Importance of Eriksons theory in understanding human development Eriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. He was a psychoanalyst and also a humanitarian. So his theory is useful far beyond psychoanalysis its useful for any application involving personal awareness and development of oneself or others. Life is a series of lessons and challenges which help us to grow, and here his wonderful theory helps to tell us why. The theory is helpful for child development and adults too as it highlight important issues in particular stage and suggest the solution for that crises in pursuit of better development. Moreover, his eight stages theory is said to be a tremendously powerful model: it is very accessible and obviously relevant to modern life, from several different perspectives, for understanding and explaining how personality and behaviour develops in people. In addition, Eriksons theory is useful for teaching, parenting, self-awareness, managing and coaching, dealing with conflict, and generally for understanding self and others. Thus, we can conclude that his work is as relevant today as when he first outlined his original theory, in fact given the modern pressures on society, family and relationships and the quest for personal development and fulfilment his ideas are probably more relevant now than ever. Is it the crises that must be resolved in each stage a catastrophe? In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. From his point of view, these conflicts are centred on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. We have found that in his stage, each stage involves a crisis of two opposing emotional forces where Erikson termed these opposing forces as contrary dispositions. Each crisis stage relates to a corresponding life stage and its inherent challenges. Successfully passing through each crisis involves maintaining balance  between the two opposing dispositions that represent each crisis. For example a healthy balance at crisis stage, stage one, Trust v Mistrust, might be described as experiencing and growing through the crisis Trust(of people, life and ones future development) and also experiencing and growing a suitable capacity for Mistrust where appropriate, so as not to be hopelessly unrealistic or gullible, nor to be mistrustful of everything. Or experiencing and growing through stage two (Autonomy v Shame Doubt) to be essentially Autonomous (to be ones own person and not a mindless or quivering follower) but to have sufficient capacity for Shame and Doubt, so as to be free-thinking and independent, while also being ethical and considerate and responsible, etc. Erikson called these successful balanced outcomes Basic Virtues or Basic Strengths. He identified one particular word to represent the fundamental strength gained at each stage. What the child acquires at a given stage is a certain  ratio  between the positive and negative, which if the balance is toward the positive, will help him to meet later crises with a better chance for unimpaired total developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Erikson) A well-balanced positive experience during each stage develops a corresponding  basic virtue-a helpful personality development, each of which enables a range of other related emotional and psychological strengths. For example passing successfully through the Industry versus Inferiority crisis produces the basic psychosocial virtue of competence, and related strengths such as method, skills, techniques, ability to work with processes and collaborations, etc). Where passage through a crisis stage is less successful then to a varying extent the personality acquires an unhelpful emotional or psychological tendency. Person passing  unsuccessfully  through a psychosocial crisis stage they develop a tendency towards one or other of the opposing forces, which then becomes a behavioural tendency, or even a mental problem which corresponds to one of the two opposite extremes of the crisis concerned. So, it is true that these crises are not really a catastrophe; rather, it is a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential where human can develop well unless and until it is not satisfactorily resolved. Conclusion Eriksons stages of psychological development were complex, but simple. It is something everyone will go through and experiences will always be different. Surprisingly, previous stages are highly influential to the proceeding stage. While Eriksons model emphasises the sequential significance of the eight character-forming crisis stages, the concept also asserts that humans continue to change and develop throughout their lives, and that personality is not exclusively formed during early childhood years. It is certainly a view that greatly assists encouraging oneself and others to see the future as an opportunity for positive change and development, instead of looking back with blame and regret. The better that people come through each crisis, the better they will tend to deal with what lies ahead, but this is not to say that all is lost and never to be recovered if a person has had a negative experience during any particular crisis stage. Lessons can be revisited successfully when they recur, if we recognise and welcome them. Finally I should say that he was keen to improve the way children and young people are taught and nurtured, and it would be appropriate for his ideas to be more widely known and used in day-to-day life as it is very powerful for self-awareness and improvement, and for teaching and helping others.

What Extend Was the Religious Settlement of Elizabeth’s Own?

October 13th Morta Ramoskaite Y12 History. Homework. Essay. To what extend was the Religious settlement of Elizabeth’s own choosing? There, in Britain, were many changes which occurred in religion between 1558 and 1629. These changes happened because of famous Britain queen Elizabeth the 1st . This Queen was born to be a Protestant all her life. So, this is because all the Catholics were against her. She had to think a lot how to do that the Protestants and the Catholics could live together in one country and be friendly to each other.All these events did that Elizabeth made new Religious settlement such as rules for the English Protestants and Catholic and also she was pushed to do some settlements for instance because of difficult 1st passage suggesting the 2nd settlement was a compromise. But, I think that extend the Religious settlement was Elizabeth’s own choosing because she was a Protestant, the Catholics were against her and she wanted to be sure that nobody wil l not make troubles in her career as a queen. First of all, the most important thing was that she was born in a Protestant family.Her father – Henry VIII king of England had six wives, it was illegal in Catholic Church. Elizabeth was his and Anne Boleyn child. Anne was the third wife of Henry VIII they had not had mirage in Catholic Church. So she was a Protestant since she born. This was the main problem in her life like a queen. She made a lot of new settlements in period 1558 – 1629. She made that in her county would be two religions. Also, because she was a Protestant all of Protestants were for her so she was not afraid of them. So, this the reason she helped for them.For example, Protestants had two prayer books written by Edward. One was written in 1549 and another in 1552. In these books communion prayer is said twice: ‘’In memory’’; ’’This is the body’’. In the same way Protestants had only English hymns n ot Latin and the word of god was English. Elizabeth also change that Protestant got new communion tables and alter were replacing with them. The most important thing for her was Church’s and priest’s image. One of her settlement is saying that walls in Protestant Churches have to white wacked, and windows have to be from plain glass not from colorful.Priests had to wear Vestments. However, she did not let them married so they were still in celibates. All these settlements let for Protestants think that they are better than Catholics because they had more freedom. So, Catholic Church was really angry on Elizabeth. But she made this because she was Protestant and it was better for her that Protestants took better position than Catholics. Protestants protected her from ‘’war’’ with Catholic Church. I think that it was good choice because with these settlements she made new country which was better and more loyal for her like a queen.However, Que en Elizabeth the 1st did not forget the Catholic Church and changed some roles for them too. I think that the main reason why she created new settlements for the Church of Catholics was that all Catholics were against her. They could not understood you the Queen of England can be Protestant, they wanted new king or queen. So, this was the sign that Elizabeth has to do something with them. She made new roles like that, that the Catholics had to be happy that they are not presented (‘’ Won’t make windows into men souls’’).She banned some of the Catholic’s practices for example, some of the sacraments were banned, relics, fake miracles, even candles were banned. I think that she hated Catholics because of them not loyal thinking about her. But she tried to find a compromise with them so this is because she let still have fundamentally in transubstantiation, and clerical vestments – celebrate priests. On the other hand, she agreed with Hie rarchy of Catholic Church that the queen is in the top of hierarchy.So, I think that all these new settlements for the Catholic Church was her own choosing, because she tried to make all England loyal for her but not against her. In my opinion these roles were good for Catholic Church because without it I think now England would have really strong Catholic Church life, but because of Elizabeth and because of some events, which were happened in her life’s time like a queen, we have Anglicans in England not Christians. Finally, I think that Elizabeth’s settlements were really clever and this is because she was thinking all the time how to find the best choice.Although she was a Protestant Queen all her time of changing the settlements she was thinking not only about the Protestants but also she was thinking about the Catholics. As we know she was trying to find the best suggest for both of Religions. She was really very careful when she was trying to find a balance betwe en two of different Religions that these two Religions could live together in one country without fights, and in country which has one queen and all of this country citizens would be loyal and good for them queen.It was the hardest thing in her live and also it was like a goal in all her queen’s life. However, in these settlements and rules was some kind of things that were understood only by queen nobody could not understood what she wanted to say with this settlement. Some of the settlements shows that they are in a control by queen and did not matter how they look like she was happy with that and she really did not want to change it. For example it can be that Vestments were controversy in period of year 1564- 1566.Also, she had opportunity to say for the Protestants when they can go to Jaw Christians. So, she was really queen inside her body because she was doing everything that all country would be in her hands. To sum up, I think that these changes of Religions settleme nt in England was Elizabeth’s the 1st own choosing. Because of herself . As we know she was a Protestant so she made for the Protestant’s Church more better settlements that for the Catholic’s Church. So, we can say that she tried to make her career as a queen the best as it possible and it worked.