What Every Body Is Saying About Essay Topics for Independence Day Is Wrong and Why

<h1> What Every Body Is Saying About Essay Topics for Independence Day Is Wrong and Why</h1> <h2>The Chronicles of Essay Topics for Independence Day </h2> <p>Don't be frightened to discuss your thoughts as a component of imaginative methodology and recall there's only one way to deal with arrive at the ideal objectives accepting papers which have been carefully checked, audited and edit. Find here some of the interesting expositions on fellowship day in English which will be a decent guide to you. So far as the understudies are included, composing an exploration paper is among the hardest and disappointing activity as they would see it. Regardless, to have an ideal score on the GRE paper, use a fitting statement deliberately yet don't compel it in the article. </p> <p>Thus, don't pack each cite you know in the article. 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Art Topics For Research Paper

Art Topics For Research PaperIn terms of a work of art, the topics are endless. With different techniques and styles in hand, an artist can reach the heights of achievement with the way they convey their work of art to the reader. Research papers follow a similar path and form.Writing on a topic is a must for an author, as it will be present throughout the entire manuscript. It is very important that the author use a variety of writing styles and information sources to relay their work to the reader. A proper overview should be done by the author. This will have to be presented in three parts and will help the reader understand the entire work.The author will need to lay down a basic definition of the theme elements will be given. These elements will then be explored further, when the theme should be brought out and the author can continue. The use of images is also an important feature to be taken into consideration in a research paper. The images can include many different forms th at can make it easier for the reader to understand.Information and evidence from other sources is also a significant aspect of a research paper. Since the objective of a research paper is to present the theme to the reader, the author must also present additional information. For this, they may use a few sentences of context or a small bit of commentary.In order to carry out a research paper well, it is essential that the article or paper is both written and edited well. This is one of the major reasons why it is essential to find the right research paper writers. Writers who are known for being excellent research paper writers are those who have published books in their field and have a good rapport with publishers.A professional writer who has published works in their field will be able to convey their ideas to the reader and be able to write about different topics. By looking at an author's previous work, it will be easy to determine if their style is suited for the topic of the research paper. After all, it will be the style and method that the author uses to deliver their idea.Before any writing is carried out, the art topics for research paper needs to be looked over carefully. The purpose of writing these is to help the readers in their ability to understand the concept of the research paper. They should not be simply written as a technical aspect.The contents of the research paper can be written well, but the manner in which the research paper is written is what makes the difference. It should also be remembered that the same needs to be taken into consideration when writing for others. When the theme is shared with others, the rest of the author's ideas should be included. This is one of the ways that they can have the same experience and understand the theme of the paper.

Essay Topics of Equal Protection

Essay Topics of Equal ProtectionEqual protection is one of the most important topics in any law school or law professor's curriculum. Although the debate over the topic has been going on for decades, there are still plenty of people who question the importance of equal protection. This is one of those subjects that is likely to be left out by almost every aspiring law students, but there are still some things you should know.You will be asked to take a formal exam in law school, and the topics you will be tested on are generally based on what you learned in college. Since so many people believe that equality of treatment is not important in the legal arena, they will often choose to give it very little attention during their thesis writing. There are a few essay topics of equal protection that you might consider writing on.Title II and DOMA are two of the biggest issues facing the country right now. President Obama has called for an end to DOMA while Congress has passed the new Title II regulations that would prohibit discrimination based on gender. Both topics will be asked on your official exam and if you write about either of them, you will almost certainly see your grade drops a few points. It does not matter what other factors are considered here, as long as the same is true for every student who will be asked these questions.Another topic you might consider writing about are DOMA and federal marriage laws. These are topics that most judges and lawyers believe are important. Some believe that all marriages should be governed by state laws while others feel the federal government should define marriage so that it is uniform across the nation. A topic such as this can be very interesting, but you have to realize that even though this is one of the most popular topics on the exam, the way judges and lawyers will see it might not be the same as a test-taker.The civil rights theme is perhaps the most commonly used topic in allof law school. Even though not ever yone agrees with that decision, there are still plenty of people who believe that it is an important one. In all probability, you will be asked to write on this topic several times, and when you do you have to make sure that you have all of the information you need. Be sure to be prepared, since you can expect to be grilled on your knowledge of this topic several times during your course.A final topic that you might consider is an education topic. Every year law students get taught about the various laws and regulations governing the education field, including the Equal Credit Opportunity Act. As you can imagine, there are some who disagree with this legislation, especially since it prevents people from discriminating against the education industry based on race or sex.The topics mentioned above are all subject to change depending on what information you provide. If you are familiar with these topics, you can use these ideas to develop essay topics of equal protection for yourself.

8 Stages of Social Development Free Essays

Social development theory attempts to explain qualitative changes in the structure and framework of society, that help the society to better realize its aims and objectives. Development can be broadly defined in a manner applicable to all societies at all historical periods as an upward ascending movement featuring greater levels of energy, efficiency, quality, productivity, complexity, comprehension, creativity, mastery, enjoyment and accomplishment. Development is a process of social change, not merely a set of policies and programs instituted for some specific results. We will write a custom essay sample on 8 Stages of Social Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now This process has been going on since the dawn of history. But during the last five centuries it has picked up in speed and intensity, and during the last five decades has witnessed a marked surge in acceleration. [2] The basic mechanism driving social change is increasing awareness leading to better organization. Life evolves by consciousness and consciousness in turn progresses by organization. When society senses new and better opportunities for progress it accordingly develops new forms of organization to exploit these new openings successfully. The new forms of organization are better able to harness the available social energies and skills and resources to use the opportunities to get the intended results. Development is governed by many factors that influence the results of developmental efforts. There must be a motive that drives the social change and essential preconditions for that change to occur. The motive must be powerful enough to overcome obstructions that impede that change from occurring. Development also requires resources such as capital, technology, and supporting infrastructure. Development is the result of society’s capacity to organize human energies and productive resources to meet challenges and opportunities. Society passes through well-defined stages in the course of its development. They are nomadic hunting and gathering, rural agrarian, urban, commercial, industrial, and post-industrial societies. Pioneers introduce new ideas, practices, and habits that conservative elements initially resist. At a later stage, innovations are accepted, imitated, organized, and used by other members of the community. Organizational improvements introduced to support the innovations can take place simultaneously at four different levels—physical, social, mental, and psychological. Moreover four different types of resources are involved in promoting development. Of these four, physical resources are most visible, but least capable of expansion. Productivity of resources increases enormously as the quality of organization and level of knowledge inputs rise. Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, as articulated by Erik Erikson, explain eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Each stage builds upon the successful completion of earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future. However, mastery of a stage is not required to advance to the next stage. Erikson’s stage theory characterizes an individual advancing through the eight life stages as a function of negotiating his or her biological forces and sociocultural forces. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis of these two conflicting forces (as shown in the table below). If an individual does indeed successfully reconcile these forces (favoring the first mentioned attribute in the crisis), he or she emerges from the stage with the corresponding virtue. For example, if an infant enters into the toddler stage (autonomy vs.  shame doubt) with more trust than mistrust, he or she carries the virtue of hope into the remaining life stages. Stages of psychosocial development Stages of Social Development In this post Cold War and postmodern age, we are asking serious questions regarding the preeminence of rigid ideologies, national boundaries, proprietary interests, technological utopias and naive, egalitarian demands in crafting the next global mesh. We hear all of these voices. We register all of the claims. We record all of the â€Å"truths. † We see all of the demonstrations and displays of street theatre. But, we have a sense they all stream from the Tower of Babel. No wonder the realities are so diverse; the thoughts so confusing, the solutions so divisive. It is as if all six billion people have climbed on top of the Tower and are now shouting slogans at us. All seem to want a place in the sun, a position in the niche, and free tickets to Disney World. If one were to do a content analysis of all the books and articles written on the global gaps, or arguments presented in academic or think tank settings, or even the political dialogue in national parliaments or international summits, we would see several clear and distinct patterns. Capitalism is great or greedy. Socialism is humane or harmful. Technology is a blessing or a curse. The rich are that way because they worked hard or simply won life’s lottery. The poor are that way because they are undisciplined or oppressed by the rich. Economic redistribution will level the playing field or dumb down global intelligences. Which is it? Most of the discussions center around competing economic models, open political access, mandated equality of opportunity and results, and a host of other external, top-down solutions. Arguments grow in emotional intensity around the size and distribution of budgets. Money becomes the magic elixir that will cure all ills. If we build attractive places for all to live the â€Å"losers† will be transformed into â€Å"winners† by simply changing street addresses. New rules and regulations will transform hearts and minds. Everybody will benefit from the rising tides of prosperity as the free market makes global waves. Everybody will benefit from the largess of big government, using taxes to fund social work schemes. And, of course, brilliant technological innovations will bring the Internet into each and every home, with or without electricity. Right. But, why haven’t these policies worked in the past? Look at Africa. Look at Haiti. Look at the Balkans. Look at Russia. Look at the Mississippi Delta. Look at Yorkshire’s coal mining villages. Look at American Indian reservations. Look at the huddled masses everywhere yearning for a loaf of bread. Look at India’s Calcutta kids. Look at border sweat shops and urban cesspools. Look at the number of â€Å"minority† teenagers in American prisons. In spite of all of the money spent, expectations raised, programs imposed, â€Å"good deeds† celebrated and â€Å"good works† performed, our problems persist. Why? The central thesis of this document is that external approaches designed to improve the human condition are faulted unless they also include, as parallel and simultaneous tracks, the essential steps and stages in interior social development. In short, economic, political, and technological efforts must correlate with the levels of complexity of thinking within individuals and entire cultures. Unless the external efforts match, in their respective operating codes, the existing capacities within leadership cadres and the general population in specific countries, they will make things worse, not better. Like the deep sea diver who gets the bends by coming up too rapidly, or runs out of air if the ascent is delayed too long, entire societies are vulnerable to this too much: too little dynamic. This discussion will describe 1. the eight stages of social development; 2. the economic and political models appropriate to each stage; and 3.twelve postulates to employ in the search for global cohesion in this age of societal fragmentation. EIGHT STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: How Cultures Emerge A social stage is more like an emerging wave than a rigid step. Each stage is simply a temporary, transitional plateau that forms in individual and collective minds. Some call them â€Å"paradigms† or â€Å"levels of psychological existence. † In other writings I refer to them as valueMEMES or bio/psycho/social/spiritual DNA-type scripts that inculcate their codes throughout a culture, and even migrate around the planet on CNN and in 747s. These are fluid, living systems rather than rigid hierarchical steps. They form into spirals of complexity and exist within people, organizations, and entire societies. The terms â€Å"social stage,† â€Å"cultural wave,† â€Å"value system,† and â€Å"vMEME code† are synonymous. Cultures, as well as countries, are formed by the emergence of value systems (social stages) in the response to life conditions. Such complex adaptive intelligences form the glue that bonds a group together, defines who they are as a people, and reflects the place on the planet they inhabit. These cultural waves, much like the Russian dolls (a doll embedded within a doll embedded within a doll) have formed, over time, into unique mixtures and blends of instructional and survival codes, myths of origin, artistic forms, life styles, and senses of community. While they are all legitimate expressions of the human experience, they are not â€Å"equal† in their capacities to deal with complex problems in society. Yet, the detectable social stages within cultures are not Calvinistic scripts that lock us into choices against our will. Nor are they inevitable steps on a predetermined staircase, or magically appearing like crop circle structures in our collective psyche. And, cultures should not be seen as rigid types, having permanent traits. Instead, they are core adaptive intelligences that ebb and flow, progress and regress, with the capacity to lay on new levels of complexity (value systems) when conditions warrant. Much like an onion, they form layers on layers on layers. There is no final state, no ultimate destination, no utopian paradise. Each stage is but a prelude to the next, then the next, then the next. Each emerging social stage or cultural wave contains a more expansive horizon, a more complex organizing principle, with newly calibrated priorities, mindsets, and specific bottom-lines. All of the previously acquired social stages remain in the composite value system to determine the unique texture of a given culture, country, or society. In Ken Wilber’s language, each new social stage â€Å"transcends but includes† all of those which have come before. Societies with the capacity to change, swing between I:Me:Mine and We:Us:Our poles. Tilts in one direction create the need to self-correct, thus causing a shift toward the opposite pole. Me decades become us epochs as we constantly spiral up, or spiral down in response to life conditions. Some social stages stress diversity generators that reward individual initiatives and value human rights. Other social stages impose conformity regulators and reward cooperative, collective actions. Societies will zigzag between these two poles, thus embracing different models at each tilt. Once a new social stage appears in a culture, it will spread its instructional codes and life priority messages throughout that culture’s surface-level expressions: religion, economic and political arrangements, psychological and anthropological theories, and views of human nature, our future destiny, globalization, and even architectural patterns and sports preferences. We all live in flow states; there is always new wine, always old wine skins. We, indeed, find ourselves pursuing a never-ending quest. THE LIVING STRATA IN OUR PSYCHO-CULTURAL ARCHEOLOGY Stage/ Wave Color Code Popular Name Thinking Cultural manifestations and personal displays 8 Turquoise WholeView Holistic collective individualism; cosmic spirituality; earth changes 7 yellow FlexFlow Ecological natural systems; self-principle; multiple realities; knowledge 6 Green HumanBond Consensus egalitarian; feelings; authentic; sharing; caring; community 5 Orange StriveDrive Strategic materialistic; consumerism; success; image; status; growth 4 Blue TruthForce Authority meaning; discipline; traditions; morality; rules; lives for later 3 Red PowerGods Egocentric gratification; glitz; conquest; action; impulsive; lives for now 2  Purple KinSpirits Animistic rites; rituals; taboos; super- stitions; tribes; folk ways lore 1 Beige SurvivalSense Instinctive food; water; procreation; warmth; protection; stays alive. Here’s the key idea. Different societies, cultures and subcultures, as well as entire nations are at different levels of psycho-cultural emergence, as displayed within these evolutionary levels of complexity. Yet, and here is a critical concept, the previously awakened levels do not disappear. Rather, they stay active within the value system stacks, thus impacting the nature of the more complex systems. So, many of the same issues we confront on the West Bank (red to blue) can be found in South Central Los Angeles. One can experience the animistic (purple) worldview on Bourbon Street as well as in Zaire. Matters brought before city council in Minneapolis (orange to green to yellow) are not unlike the debates in front of governing bodies in the Netherlands. So-called Third World societies are dealing, for the most part, with issues within the beige to purple to red to blue zones, thus higher rates of violence and poverty. Staying alive, finding safety, and dealing with feudal age conditions matter most. Second World societies are characterized by authoritarian (blue) one-party states, whether from the right or the left. Makes no difference. So-called First World nations and groupings have achieved high levels of affluence, with lower birth rates, and more expansive use of technology. While centered in the strategic, free-market driven, and individual liberty focused perspective — all traits of the Stage 5 (orange) worldview — new value systems (green, yellow, and turquoise) are emerging in the â€Å"postmodern† age. Yet, we have no language for anything beyond First World, believing that is the final state, the â€Å"end of history. † Further, there is a serious question as to whether the billions of people who are now exiting Second and Third World life styles can anticipate the same level of affluence as they see on First World television screens. And, what will happen to the environment if every Chinese family had a two-car garage? The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the GTO, and most multinational corporations reflect the blue-orange worldview codes of cultural discipline, financial accountability, and individual responsibility. Attacks are launched from three directions: Red zone activists, anarchists, and spoilers who love a good fight, and believe the Big Orange Money Machines are easy targets from which to exact tributes in various forms; Blue zone ideologies who defend the sacred against the secular and resent the intrusive technology and destruction of the holy orders and extol the purity of the faith, noble cause, and divine calling; and Green zone humanists and environmentalists who level charges of exploitation, greed, and selfishness, noting the eradication of indigenous cultures and the poisoning of the â€Å"pristine’ environment by Big Mac golden arches. The WTO demonstrations were so confounding to so many because they combined these red, blue and green critiques into single anti-orange crusades. Capitalism and materialism were the twin villains; spirituality, sharing, and social equality, along with sustainability, were the noble virtues. There appeared to be no middle ground; no zone of rapprochement; no win:win alternative. Herein lies the global knot: the seemingly irreconcilable conflict between and among the haves, the have nots, the have a little but want more, and the have a lot but are never content. There must be a better way. STRATIFIED DEMOCRACY: Managing the Global Mesh Stage/ Wave 1 Stage/ Wave 2 Stage/ Wave 3 Stage/ Wave 4 Stage/ Wave 5 Stage/ Wave 6 Stage/ Wave 7 Stage/ Wave 8 Beige Purple Red Blue Orange Green Yellow Turquoise POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND POWER DISTRIBUTION RATIOS survival clans Haiti tribal orders Somalia feudal empires Taliban authoritarian democracry Singapore multiparty democracy UK US social democracy Netherlands stratified democracy holonic democracy Confederal unitary Federal unitary Integral ECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION FORMULAS eat when hungry mutual reciprocity kinship to victors belong the spoils the just earn the rewards each acts on own behalf to prosper all should benefit equally all formulas contribute to spiral health resources focus on all life As you can see, the projected bulge of global thinking is in the purple/red zones, with a somewhat smaller peak in the orange enclaves. Many are locked in the blue authoritarian flatland and are just now waking up to orange, â€Å"good life† possibilities. At the same time, the postmodern mindset is attacking orange materialism, living more lightly on the land, and searching for meaning in Navaho sweat lodges or excursions into variations on the spiritual theme. In his new book entitled The Cultural Creatives (Three Rivers Press; ISBN: 0609808451; October 2001), Paul Ray describes Heartland-Blue, Modernity-Orange, andCultural Creatives-Green. We add Integral-Yellow as the next developmental stage. There are different futures for different folks. The future of the Third World will be Second World â€Å"authority† before either First World autonomy or postmodern sensitivity become options. There are different futures for different folks along the evolutionary trajectory. â€Å"Democracy,† then, comes in many different variations, hues, and levels of complexity. Beware of imposing the form that fits a specific stage or zone on the Spiral onto other strata. This is an invitation to cultural disaster. There are good reasons why humans have created survival clans, ethnic tribes, feudal empires, ancient nations, corporate states, and value communities in our long bio-psycho-social-spiritual ascent. Robert D. Kaplan makes this point clearly in a lengthy essay â€Å"Was Democracy Just A Moment?† (The Atlantic Monthly, December 1997). He notes that authoritarian China (blue) is doing more for its citizens than democratic (orange) Russia, and that enlightened one-party-states and even dictatorial empires (red), can build a middle class more quickly than multiparty models (orange) in Africa. The evolutionary spirals are dancing all over the planet, in a figurative sense. While some hear tribal drum beats, others are doing the tango, the waltz, the Texas two-step, the jitterbug, theCharleston, or even the line dance. In some dances each expresses self, oblivious to others. In others, we dance in concert, in a multitude of interlocking arrangements and movements. This is the global diversity. New political and economic models are beginning to appear, based on the assumptions and codes within integral commons and holistic meshworks. Welcome to the global dance. THE TWELVE POSTULATES : AN INTEGRAL PERSPECTIVE ON GLOBALIZATION: The Prime Directive A â€Å"postulate† is defined as â€Å"an essential presupposition, condition, or premise of a train of reasoning.† Postulates must all hang together and be seen as both simultaneous and sequential in creating a critical mass shift. These shifts are part and parcel of The Prime Directive, a universal ratchet through layers of complexity that appear to impact human choice-making, as well as that of other life forms. Bacteria, viruses, genes and memes all appear to be shaped by nonlinear, adaptive intelligences as life as we know it continues to evolve on the planet. Rather than existing as stand-alone, independent fragments, the postulates materialize â€Å"a train of reasoning† as they work in synergistic concert with each other. It makes no sense to argue as to which one is the most important. They are all interwoven into an evolving Global Meshworks. Note how horizons are broadening from families to clans, to tribes, to empires, to ancient nations, to corporate nation states, and now to global views. Yet, all of these viewing portals continue to exist on the planet earth. We are witnessing new versions of the historic continental drift as our economic, political, technological, and social worlds are, indeed, being pulled closer together. Further, global problems will require global solutions which, of necessity, will require global thinking. The historic past:present: future time lines will need to be understood. Up stream and down stream viewing points must be maintained. Final state paralysis must be replaced by flow state perspectives. Simplistic car-wash solutions must be replaced by a rich understanding and respect for diversities in people, uniqueness in situations, and inevitable steps and stages in human emergence. Rigid rules, a product of fixed state  ideologies, must be supplanted by fluctuating algorithms that engage a world full of variables, life cycles, wild cards and other complex dynamics that lie at the core of life itself. There are no guarantees; no eternal road maps; no inevitable destinations; no blue print etched in permanent ink. Yet, there are equations, formulas, fractals, consequences, flows, and processes. Each new solution will, over time, create new problems. Human motivations will change as our life conditions get better, or get worse. There are systems within us rather than types of us – stratified decision-making stacks that constantly rearrange themselves in terms of priorities and senses of urgency. Different cultures and subcultures, then, are organic entities that lay on new levels of complexity as changes in life conditions warrant. Finally, the real intent of these postulates, when taken as a group, is to shape both interior and exterior dynamics to expedite the natural principles that appear to drive societal transformation. Such dynamics rely heavily on self organizing principles and processes rather than mechanistic, artificial mandates or commandments. They are messy, chaotic, often violence-prone, and uncertain with false starts, regressions, quantum leaps, advances and retreats, within a whole wilderness of snarling beasts, wild cards, sink-holes, and life-sustaining oasis. Such a systemic and integral initiative is designed to dredge out channels, drain stagnant back waters, unblock tributaries, navigate white water rapids, and maintain the ongoing movement of ideas, energy, and the human spirit through time and space. In this sense we become co-creators with the The Prime Directive in crafting the human story. But first, some personal questions for you to consider: Why do you see globalization issues the way that you do? Who are the â€Å"bad guys; the good girls? † What personal priorities shape your perceptual filters? Why do you have them? Have you changed? What will you personally gain or lose under different global scenarios? What mindsets, viewing-points, or value systems influence your own thinking? Which groups do you represent, causes do you support, and personal or professional commitments do you have which could alter your views? Are you open to new and different perspectives, fresh and expansive horizons? THE TWELVE POSTULATES 1. Reframe globalization issues around value system codes rather than behavioral stereotypes. In place of the racial, ethnic, nationalistic, culture-bound, moralistic, economic, and oppressed/oppressor filters, consider viewing globalization matters through this integral/holistic (yellow turquoise) frame. By understanding these deeper value system currents or complexity strata, it becomes possible to develop more realistic big picture views and craft practical, appropriate solutions to real problems. Further, by recognizing the core cultural codes, as reflected in individuals and social groupings, one can quickly identify the generating, internal forces that will ultimately shape external behaviors and actions. For example, why is it the HIV infection rate so high in parts of Africa? If you identify the causative category as â€Å"African,† or â€Å"black,† or â€Å"poor† or â€Å"Third World,† you will miss the point entirely. Not all Africans, blacks, poor, or Third Worlders exhibit the identical sexual behaviors associated with AIDS. When women are influenced by the purple/animistic/safety security vMEME, it is in their interest to breed large families because their children will provide a work force (gather wood and water) and future security. When men are dominated by the red/exploitative/predatory value system, they will impregnate as many women as they can just to keep score. And, when they believe (purple) that having sex with a virgin will cure their AIDS infection, you can see why the plague spreads so rapidly. So, the pandemic is a purple and red problem; not a â€Å"black† problem. Blacks in the blue, orange, and green zones are less vulnerable to the destructive behaviors. â€Å"It’s the vMEMES, stupid! † 1. Create vital signs monitors to track deeper currents and critical indicators. In order to track these underlying currents that flow over all of the continents, it is essential that we develop the capacity to monitor the concentrations and shifts, and be able to make sense out of the more traditional social/economic/health/quality of life indicators that are now available. This use of GIS (geographic information survey) type information displays can be enhanced by overlaying the patterns over the vMEMETIC codes to find deeper meaning in the data. Further, it should be possible to identify the early signs of an emerging â€Å"hot spot† that may explode in social eruptions. Such a scan would have warned the world community of bloody encounters-in-the-making in Africa, the Middle East, the Balkans, and Indonesia. We have Dow Jones indicators of the economic health and well being of various countries. Where are the value scans that can inform us of major changes, or sound the alarm when danger is on the horizon? For example, when the Balkans political leaders were brought to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio to iron out some kind of peaceful settlement to the lingering conflict in the former Yugoslavia, they were exposed to cyber maps showing the actual land forms, mountain ranges, and border lines. What if, in addition to these surface-level profiles, they were shown the vMEMETIC contours of the various population groups, or the stages of social development that were apparent? And, if the UN could have monitor these cultural codes in Sierra Leone, Rwanda, or even East Timor, wouldn’t the responses have been significantly different? It is dangerous to be trapped in a paradigm. 2. Focus on the future as more significant than the past in shaping the present. The past can never be replayed or replayed. Time is not a straight arrow that flows on a unbroken line from the past to the future Rather, we go through a number of nonlinear jumps that totally alter the conditions, world views, and operating systems. In one sense author Thomas Wolfe had it right: â€Å"We can’t go home again. † This, of course, means crafting a compelling vision of a realistic future state, and then aligning the various efforts and projects to accomplish those objectives. This often happens through the creative use of scenario building processes, a technology well developed by John Petersen at the Arlington Institute in Virginia. (Seewww. arlingtoninstitute. org). Yet, how do we â€Å"let go† of the past without jettisoning or eroding the essential codes that are required in crafting new and more complex social systems? Both raw capitalism and materialist Marxism pore acid on the indigenous cultures, both designed to create the New Man or Homo economicus. The second will foist a high consumer culture on more traditional environments. The first has used the Cambodian â€Å"killing fields† to wipe out every vestige of the older orders. Both do quite serious damage to the cultural strata. Both promote â€Å"final state† paralysis. And, there remains a serious question as to how we move beyond the anger and guilt from past deeds that often keep a society from moving ahead. Both the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa and the â€Å"Sign the Sorry Book† campaign in Australia with regard to the mistreatment of the aborigines are options. There is a growing movement within African American subcultures in the United States to demand reparation payments for the inhumane institution of slavery and pervasive influence of centuries of segregation and discrimination. Yet there are far better ways to address the resulting asymmetrics that are the product of many different forces. A shift from blame and be blamed, or even live and let live, in the direction of thrive and help thrive, may hold the key. Ultimately, even subcultures must pass through stages of development. 3. Search for the new intelligences that appear around chaos and within crucibles. One of the basic assumptions within Spiral Dynamics is that complex, adaptive intelligences form in response to the stress and strain forged by life conditions. In contrast to IQ (Intelligent Quotient), EQ (Emotional Quotient), AQ (Adversity Quotient) SQ ( Spiritual Quotient) or other expressions of intelligence that have appeared, we are describing a VQ (Values Quotient) capacity. VQ codes emerge whenever the older thinking patterns can no longer handle the new complexity that they have helped create. In short, â€Å"cometh the time, cometh the value codes.† The intent, here, will be to construct scaffoldings of solutions, arrange them according to the stages of social development, and be willing to scan for new insights and codes that will naturally appear, like diamonds on the veldt. These, like George Bush’s â€Å"Thousand Points of Light† and Clinton’s â€Å"Faces of Hope,† could be quickly disseminated through the Internet and other avenues for communicating practical solutions to common problems. Why continue to â€Å"invent the wheels† when well-designed vehicles are already up and running elsewhere. 4. Identify the superordinate goals that transcend other priorities and agendas. A superordinate goal is a goal or value that everybody wants and needs to realize, but no individual or group can achieve it in an unilateral fashion. These overarching umbrellas can take a number of forms. Some spring from a â€Å"woe is us† syndrome in that we are all in this horrible situation together. In other cases, a â€Å"common enemy† will appear on the scene, one that threatens the well-being of each and all. The best superordinate goal umbrella is a genuine and constructive outcome that everybody values, but one that requires the longer term integration of the conflicting groups. There are plenty of candidates for healthy superordinate goals: the threat of HIV-type viruses, the dangers inherent in global warming or other forms of environmental poison; the fear of nuclear explosions triggered by demagogues or militant â€Å"true believers† who have no fear of death; the growing gaps between rich and poor that sow seeds of class envy, and other wild cards such as water depletion, population growth, and biomedical monster gone amuck. All problems, challenges, and threats cut across national boundaries, ethnic enclaves, and gated communities. 5. Facilitate and honor the inevitable steps, stages and waves in human emergence. This is the critical pathway that lies at the â€Å"DNA† core of The Prime Directive. The focus, here, should be on the process dynamic itself, not on any specific system, level, stage, or whorl that have been activated in forming the complex, adaptive intelligences. Each of the emerging value system waves not only addresses the unique problems in the milieu that gave it birth, but also adds texture and quality to the more complex vMEME codes in the future. (Note the colorful spiral on the wrap around to this document. See how each of the colors bleeds up into the more complex zones.) By keeping each stage/wave healthy, positive, and congruent, the avenues are open for movement to occur, if and when it has been â€Å"awakened† by life conditions. Instead of imposing the one-size-fits-all economic or political package on the entire developmental spectrum, one should craft the unique form that fits the different circumstances. Entire societies (and subcultures) move along the value system trajectory and should be assisted in meeting their needs and challenges at each of the stages, with the economic and political structures and models that are both tailored and appropriate to those conditions. It is both futile and counter productive to attempt to skip stages, or leap into a more complex world view before its time. Lawrence E. Harrison provides the clearest rationale for this process in his work on value systems and prosperity codes. (See Who Prospers? How Cultural Values Shape Economic and Political Success (1992) and Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (2000), written with Samuel P. Huntington). Harrison has demonstrated, in both his books and in his developmental work in several different cultural settings, that â€Å"traditional explanations like imperialism, dependency and racism are no longer adequate† in explaining why some countries and ethnic groups are better off than others. He stresses the critical importance of â€Å"cultural values that powerfully shape political, economic and social performance. † In Spiral Dynamics terms these are the 4th Level (blue) and 5th Level (orange) vMEME – the blend of â€Å"good authority† with â€Å"practical enterprise. † 6. Mobilize all available resources (quadrants/levels) and focus them like laser beams. Ken Wilber has pioneered the concept of â€Å"all levels, all quadrants† as an essential framework for accelerating the development of people and cultures. Fragmented, isolated, ad hoc, piecemeal, and single quadrant solutions will fail to make a significant difference. Both interior (within the hearts and minds of individuals and cultures) and exterior (the exterior arrangements, economic perks, political structures, and social rules and regulations) must be meshed, coordinated, and aligned to the relevant level (stages of social development) to get maximum impact. See Wilber’s new book, A Theory of Everything, for a thorough analysis. Further, the efforts of families, schools, religion, law enforcement, business, professional societies, and political entitiesshould be integrated, aligned, and synergized to get them all on the same page. Their resources and efforts should befocused like laser beams on the essential steps and stages of emergence. These I call MeshWORK solutions. 7. Contain destructive conflicts while respecting the essential cycles of change. Life is full of dynamic tension, disruptions, conflicts, discord, and even violence. The problems may be within a stage (i. e. Lord of the Flies conflicts and holy wars) or between emerging stages (i. e. Lexus and the Olive Tree, Jihad vs. McWorld, or human rights vs. authoritarian values). Symptoms can be seen in societal blockages, cul-de-sacs, sink holes, minority vs. majority bloodshed, battles over scarce resources, inept and corrupt leadership, terrorism, and perpetual wars for national liberation or economic domination. Major conflicts should be â€Å"depressed† much like raging forest fires, from all angles and as quickly as possible. Minor scrimmages should be prevented if possible or allowed to play themselves out if relatively harmless. As the core vMEME flows are understood and accommodated, there will be fewer such conflicts as the human energy passes more freely the development dams and locks in an ongoing, positive fashion. 8. Promote power differentiation through appropriate, stratified stages and layers. No single political arrangement fits every situation. Each stratum within the human/social archeology will possess different operating philosophies in terms of how power is distributed. These are natural life forms, indigenous to the unique circumstances within each layer and level. Each will have its own unique organizing code, and can only respond to the models and processes which resonate with those â€Å"DNA† scripts. Not every person has the capacity to recognize these vertical stages of development. Many will attempt to impose the codes from single operating levels onto the entire strata of emergence. Some require a Tribal Order that is safety-driven, while others will thrive in an Exploitative Empire that is power-driven. You can also see why an Authority Structures (order-driven) is appropriate in some settings, while the codes within a Strategic Enterprise (success-driven) is congruent elsewhere. When a strong middle class is constructed, and a modicum of affluence is shared, then the Social Network (people-driven) structures make a lot of sense. Today we are moving in the direction of the Systemic Flow (process-oriented) and Holonic Meshwork (synthesis-oriented) global models are relevant. 9. Resolve major paradoxes by implementing creative win:win:win solutions. Many political leaders and groupings are now searching for alternatives to the traditional bipolar models of decision-making – whether expressed in the English Westminster formula, the American checks and balances procedures, or the historic Left vs. Right orientations from the French tradition. Even the win:win negotiation model carries with it the limited codes of the 5th Level (ORANGE) vMEME. These new models are now forming in complex thinking cells in this country and elsewhere. They focus first on the ultimate â€Å"win,† i. e. the integrity of the overall system, the well-being of all people, the  long-term ethical principles, or the inherent wisdom within The Prime Directive. This is the universal touchstone that can be using in resolving deep conflicts. A vMEMETIC understanding, tracked by a Global Vital Signs Monitor, could enhance the quest for peace in the Middle East as well as in Africa. It should be part and parcel of the insights offered at Camp David, in Geneva, or at UN headquarters. 10. Integrate the body, mind, soul and spirit in enriching the human experience. Many of our dysfunctional actions and social breakdowns stem from our own personal fragmentation. While the Age of Enlightenment brought us many benefits of a material nature, we are now aware that such â€Å"progress† came with a price. We found ourselves separated from our spiritual sense, from the deeper values that resonate in our individual and cultural cores. Yet, it does no good to reject totally any of our senses of self. The key to health and well-being, within both a short term context and the longer flow, is to search for ways to mesh all of these attributes in an integral whole. There are plenty of opportunities to access some of these intangible but powerful practices. They should be developed in our youth while they are open to the inner life and welcome experiences designed to expand conceptual horizons. And adults, who are growing weary of the fast-track, technology-rich and digitized world around them, often search for ways to express a spiritual sense, or bond themselves with a transcendent cause, or renew their souls by reconnecting with nature’s wonder. 11. Nourish and replenish the natural habitat so that all life forms may flourish. Perhaps this postulate should come first because it may well be the one that should concern us the most. What is at stake here is preservation of life itself. We are now discovering the genetic codes that shapes our biological DNA scripts. This knowledge is both wonderful and frightening at the same time. The issue itself, and perhaps our permanent residency on the planet, will be determined by which of the vMEME codes controls the knowledge. At one time we believed, for example, that the very best way to protect the elephant species is to focus specifically on the elephant — the mating habits, the food requirements, and ways to keep individual elephants alive and reproducing. Today, the focus is on the environment – the total milieu that will naturally support elephant life. The elephant sprang from that milieu and flourished for centuries within it. As long as it provides what elephants need to survive and flourish, they will. No more prizes for forecasting the rain; only prizes for building the ark. The late Professor Clare W. Graves, Union College, New York said it best: Clare W. Graves. How to cite 8 Stages of Social Development, Papers

Recommendations on fisheries an Example by

Recommendations on fisheries Fishing has been a major occupational and socio-cultural activity, especially of the people who reside in coastal regions in various parts of the World. However, it has had a negative impact on the number and type of fishes that remains in the oceans, leading to fishing mortality. Hence, it has become necessary to have certain rules and regulations to manage these natural resources. The term fishing mortality is a technical term, which refers to the rate at which the fish are removed from the natural stocks of fishes available in the ocean and seas. It should be considered as the percent at which the fish are removed every year from the oceans. It is important to remember that fishing occurs throughout the year, and at the same time fishes are added into the natural stocks. If the fishing mortality is reduced, there are chances that the yield would increase. However, the fishes are removed continuously, seriously depleting the natural stocks (Lobster Conservation, 2007; FAO, 2007). Need essay sample on "Recommendations on fisheries" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Although, the oceans covers three-fourths of the earth, the natural resources present are being exploited in a manner, which they cannot be replaced. Overfishing is existent throughout the world. In urban areas, the problem is even more severe. Western style of fishing has tried to solve the fishing problems in the past, but now uncontrollable activities have really taken a serious toll on nature. The fisherman and the fishing corporations are catching much more fish such that nature is unable to replace them. Although, fishing can be said to be a sustainable activity, overfishing should be considered to be unsustainable. Due to this activity, smaller and immature fishes are being caught. The actual cause of overfishing has been the increasing human demand for seafood (Overfishing.org, 2007). Throughout the world, the number of trawlers that perform deep-sea fishing is increasing. Many companies are not managing the natural resource caught. More than 80 % of the natural fishing stocks in the world are overexploited, depleted or exploited. Several species of fishes are lost due to the damaging overfishing activities. This is having a serious activity on the natural ecological systems. A natural resource that is a source of social activity, diet and nutrition and economy to millions of people throughout the world would be lost within a short period of time (Overfishing.org, 2007). In Canada, during the year 1992, the Canadian Fishing corporations found no cod in the seas due to overfishing. This has left more than 40, 000 people in the coastal regions of Canada effectively with no source of livelihood. These communities are still in search of fishing stocks for earning their income. The overfishing activities in the oceans have seriously affected other species found in the oceans such as sharks, whales, dolphins, sea birds, deep marine inhabitants, etc. Fishing corporations are in fact turning to hunting these species as a replacement for the fishes usually obtained from the oceans. This has affected the biodiversity found in the deep oceans (Overfishing.org, 2007). The fishing industry has in fact wasted several natural resources. Many unwanted fishes that are caught, are returned to the oceans dead. The fishing corporations should remember that they form an important part of nature and cannot unnecessarily be destroyed in such a way. Besides, shark fishing has also turned out to be a huge disaster for this species. Sharks are very difficult to replace in nature. They reproduce at a very slow rate compared to any other species. Sharks usually group in single sex packs, and in such circumstances, it may be very difficult for them to reproduce. In some parts of the world, such as China, Japan and South America, there is a delicacy to consume shark fins. The other parts of the body are suualy wasted. This has seriously distorted a natural resource. In many parts of the world sharks are caught along with other fishes accidentally. This happened in the 1950s in the Gulf of Mexico areas, in which certain types of sharks (Oceanic White tips) were caug ht mistaking them to be tuna. However, the fisherman only realised that they were not tuna when they reached the market. Hence, these natural resources were seriously getting depleted. More than 99 % of the sharks in the Gulf of Mexico region were lost in the process. Hammerheads are also facing such a story, as more than 89 % of them are lost due to fishing (Overfishing.org, 2007). Hence, all the nations should take it as a priority to save the natural resources present in the oceans immediately. However, the situation needs to be thoroughly evaluated as millions of people living in the coastal areas depend on the seas for a livelihood. Socio-economic considerations communities that depend on the sea for their livelihood should be allowed to use this natural resource. They should be demonstrated the manner in which the resources can be sustained for a longer time. They should also be demonstrated the alternatives to fishing such as fish and shrimp farming. Permitting them to catch fish for themselves, their families and their communities will not have a serious impact on the fishing stocks. The term overfishing needs to be defined in a more precise manner. Overfishing can have economic as well as biological consequences. The biological consequences may include destruction of the naturally existing populations of fishes present in the oceans to such an extent t hat the species may find it difficult replace. The populations of these fishes may drop seriously. However, the overfishing may have even more serious economic consequences. Losing a natural resource would have an even serious implication on the food chain. Other fishes may depend on the smaller ones, and once these are lost even the larger ones would get destroyed. Many of the fishing communities surviving in various parts of the world, have depended on the oceans for a livelihood. The oceans have not only provided a livelihood, but also social and cultural resources. They have been using the oceans for fishing since a long-time, and have ensured that the natural resources are not exploited to the extent that they would get depleted and unsustainable. Traditional, their entire diet and nutrition would be derived from fishes. If the fishing activities were banned, these communities would be in serious jeopardy. They would have their economic and culture sources cut off. Many of the towns that are formed along the seacoast depend on fishing for its survival. These communities have protected the seas and oceans by preventing their exploitation. If they were prevented from fishing in the oceans further, it would not do any justice to them (Grain.org, 2007 & Overfishing.org, 1997). In several pacific islands such Samoa, Solomon Islands, Marianas, Micronesia, etc, fishing is basically done for subsistence rather than commercial fishing. The locals in these parts of the world consume a diet of about 200 kgs of fish every year. In some of the Pacific islands such as Naura and Tonga, fishing is mainly done for commercial purposes rather than subsistence sake. This has seriously led to a decline in the catch size, which has been observed in recent times. In 1999, the catch size was about 90, 000 tonnes, whereas in 2001 it was about 30, 000 tonnes (UNEP, 2005). There are several strategies by which the fish mortality can be reduced. However, conflicting interests of the human populations needs to be addressed. Some of the means of reducing the fishing mortality include: - Restricting the fishing activity for certain period of time It may be very difficult to restrict fishing for a particular season. However, during the breeding season, the fishing operations can be reduced to ensure that the population of fishes are able to recover. This would also ensure that the fish are able to grow and mature and that immature forms are not caught. The fishes should be given time to breed, multiply and grow. The government and other enforcement agencies should plan this well in advance. In many parts of the world, certain types of fishing activities are not permitted during the monsoon season. People who engage in fishing activities should be given part time jobs to ensure that they do get some earnings (FAO, 2007). Restricting on the type of fishing activity performed The local fisherman that basically fish for the survival of the local population should be permitted to remove the fish from the sea. This is because they usually do not indulge in damaging fishing activities. Commercial fishing activity should be prohibited for certain periods of time especially during the breeding season. This would help in recovering the fish population. Besides, the commercial fishing boats should be permitted to fish for only certain types of fishes that are easily sustained in nature. Limits should be placed on the amount they can fish per operation. Usually, fishing corporations would remove an unregulated amount of fishes, as there are no rules with regards to this issue. The Government would have to frame a legislation limiting the amounts of fishes that can actually be removed from the oceans. Efforts should also be on to prevent entry of fishing trawlers in certain places in the ocean known as tapus an d fonos (FAO, 2007 & UNEP, 2005). Changing the type of fishing gear Some of the fishing activities may take extended periods of time, and fisherman has to compensate for it by drawing larger amounts of fish. Having more effective gear that would enable catching the fish faster can reduce this. An example of this would be to utilise purse-seines nets instead of gill nets. The operation costs of the fishing activity would also be reduced. The fisherman can also engage in performing other activities. Efforts should also be on to prevent fishing unwanted varieties of sea animals. An example of this would be to have a turtle trap that would enable sea turtles and bigger fish to escape in case they are caught. Fishing nets that permit catching only the matured fish should be utilised. This would enable the fry to escape (FAO, 2007). Community approaches The fishing communities throughout the world should be educated of the damaging effects overfishing is having no the natural resources. Communities should stick to their traditional fishing approaches. In many regions of the world, traditional fishing approaches have returned and have been very useful in reducing the mortality rates of fishes. The communities should be educated about the types of fishes that have to be caught, returning the unwanted varieties back into nature immediately and using certain fishing methods. Many islands in the Pacific Ocean have conservative community-based programs developed. The developed nations have to encourage implementation of such programs in the developing countries. The communities have also be educated about the associated activities of fishing that could have a damaging effect on nature, such as cutting wood for smoking the fish products, using polluting boats, etc. Many of the pacific islanders are being underpaid for their fishing products. The buyers should ensure that these communities are paid as per the international rates to ensure that they do not indulge in overfishing in order to compensate for the reduced rates (UNEP, 2005). References: Delaware Sea Giant (2007), Nutritional Information, Retrieved September 29, 2007. FAO (2007), Control Of Fishing Mortality, Retrieved September 29, 2007. Grain (2007), Addressing the threats of ., Retrieved September 29, 2007. Lobster Conservation (2007), Fishing Mortality Rate, Retrieved September 29, 2007. OLRAC - Socio-economic considerations, Retrieved September 29, 2007. Overfishing.org (2007), Overfishing-A global disaster, Retrieved September 29, 2007.

Rock essays

Rock essays During the Doors concert in Miami, in 1969, lead singer Jim Morrison, "did lewdly and lasciviously expose his penis and shake it. . ." (Rosen et al. 90). Today, Billy Joe Armstrong, lead singer of Green Day, bares all at his concert in Philadelphia (Bernstein 95). The eccentric Courtney Love will rip off her bra for the audience to marvel and glorify at her action (Bernstein 95). She acts in such a fashion because she is insane and wants to prove it to the world, where as Billy Joe just performs naked for the shock value and the love of hearing tabloids and gossip. Both performers of past and present conducted strange acts on stage for the shock value and attention, but with performers of old, it reflected their life and what they were really like. Today's performers, however, do not act like that in real life, for the most part. Today, performers take on challenges, like the dare of a child. . . "Betcha won't do it!" These rock performers cannot turn down a dare or back away from even the slightest bit of public notoriety. By listening to one of their "questionable" albums, it is easily noticeable how they thrive off of it. All of these performers do have one thing in common, at one time or another, censorship made them victims because of their social unacceptable actions or the content of their music and lyrics. While censorship is slightly more realistic and open-minded (no more censoring performers from the waist down, like Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan show), it still affects listeners and their choice of music quite significantly. Although the government, music associations, and other various groups try censorship, the music a person chooses is still, and always should be, his choice. Some children are too young for the exposure to certain types of music. Albums containing sexually explicit lyrics depicting sexualacts in great detail are not good for young children to ...

Before Obamacare, the National Health Insurance Plan

Before Obamacare, the National Health Insurance Plan Introduction In 2009, President Barack Obama unveiled his proposal for a plan intended to reduce the soaring costs of healthcare by providing all Americans with health insurance. The plan, titled Healthcare America at the time, would eventually be passed by Congress as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. The following article, published in 2009, outlines President Obama’s original vision for what we now know as â€Å"Obamacare.† Key Takeaways: Original Obamacare What became â€Å"Obamacare† was called Healthcare America when first proposed by President Barack Obama in January 2009.The plan was intended to lower the nation’s healthcare costs by providing all Americans with health insurance.Under Healthcare America, all U.S. residents not covered by Medicare or an employer-provided plan would be allowed to buy insurance at lower rates through a government-run Health Care for America program.All U.S. employers would be required to provide their employees with insurance coverage or pay an additional tax to help pay for Healthcare America.Maximum monthly health insurance premiums paid under Health Care for America were to range from $70 for an individual to $140 for a couple.Healthcare America was greatly modified and eventually enacted as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2010 Obamacare as Envisioned in 2009 A national health insurance plan, administered by the federal government as an alternative to private health insurance, will probably be proposed this year by President Obama. Despite the massive cost of a universal health insurance plan, estimated at up to $2 trillion over 10 years, support for the plan is growing in Congress. Obama, and Democratic congressional leaders argue that by reducing health care costs, a universal health insurance plan would actually help reduce the national deficit. Opponents argue that the savings, though real, would have only a minor impact on the deficit. While the politics and pros and cons of nationalized health care have been debated for years, the national health insurance element of President Obama’s overall health care reform agenda appears to have a good chance of happening. So far, the framework of Obama’s national health insurance plan is best described in Jacob Hacker’s â€Å"Health Care for America† plan. The Goal: Health Insurance for Everyone As described by Jacob Hacker of the Economic Policy Institute, the national health insurance plan – â€Å"Health Care for America† – attempts to provide affordable health insurance to all non-elderly Americans through a combination of a new Medicare-like program provided by the government and existing employer-provided health plans. Under Health Care for America, every legal resident of the U.S. who is not covered by either Medicare or an employer-provided plan could purchase coverage through Health Care for America. As it currently does for Medicare, the federal government would bargain for lower prices and upgraded care for every Health Care for America enrollee. All Health Care for America enrollees could choose coverage under the affordable Medicare-like plan offering them free choice of medical providers or a selection of more expensive, comprehensive private health insurance plans. To help pay for the plan, all U.S. employers would be expected to either provide health coverage for their employees equal in quality to Health Care for America or pay a modest payroll-based tax to support Health Care for America and help their employees buy their own coverage. The process would be similar to how employers currently pay an unemployment tax to help fund state unemployment compensation programs. Self-employed persons could buy coverage under Health Care for America by paying the same payroll-based tax as employers. Persons not in the workplace could buy coverage by paying premiums based on their annual income. In addition, the federal government would offer the states incentives to enroll any remaining uninsured individuals in Health Care for America. Non-elderly beneficiaries of Medicare and S-CHIP (the State Childrens Health Insurance Program) would be automatically enrolled in the Health Care for America Plan, either through their employers or individually. In summary, supporters of the Health Care for America plan say it would provide the U.S. with universal health care coverage by: being available to any legal U.S. resident without good workplace coverage;requiring that employers (and the self-employed) either purchase coverage comparable to Health Care for America for all their workers or pay a relatively modest payroll contribution (6% of payroll) to fund Health Care for America coverage for all their employees; andrequiring that Americans who remain without insurance either purchase private coverage or buy into the Health Care for America Plan. For persons already covered by employer-provided health insurance, Health Care for America would virtually eliminate the suddenly very real threat of losing coverage because of layoffs. What Would the Plan Cover? According to its supporters, Health Care for America will provide comprehensive coverage. Along with all current Medicare benefits, the plan will cover mental health and maternal and child health. Unlike Medicare, Health Care for America will place limits on total annual out-of-pocket costs paid by enrollees. Drug coverage would be provided directly by Health Care for America, rather than by private health plans. Medicare would be modified to allow it to provide the elderly and disabled with the same direct drug coverage. In addition, preventive and well-child checkups would be provided to all beneficiaries at no out-of-pocket cost. How Much Will Coverage Cost? As proposed, the maximum monthly Health Care for America premium would be $70 for an individual, $140 for a couple, $130 for a single-parent family, and $200 for all other families. For those enrolled in the plan at their place of work, anyone whose income was below 200% of the poverty level (about $10,000 for an individual and $20,000 for a family of four ) would pay no additional premiums. The plan would also offer extensive, but so far unspecified, assistance to enrollees to help them afford coverage. Health Care for America coverage would be continuous and guaranteed. Once enrolled, individuals or families would remain covered unless they become covered by a qualified private insurance plan through their employer.